1 Fluid Power Application Hydraulics & Pneumatics KMD 3133 By, Mohd Shukri Bin Yob

2 What is Fluid Power? Technology that deals with the generation, control, and transmission of power using pressurized fluids. The muscle that moves industry. Most modern machines driven by it. Applications, fluid power steering & brakes automobiles, drives machine tools, controls airplanes, moves earth (excavation), even drills teeth.

Power Steering 3

Braking System 4

Wing of an aircraft 5

6 Fluid Transport? or Fluid Power? Should be realized that there are actually 2(two) different types of fluid systems. 1. Fluid transport Sole objective is to deliver a fluid from one location to another to accomplish some useful purpose. 2. Fluid power Designed specifically to perform work.

7 Fluid Power The work is accomplished by a pressurized fluid acting on a fluid cylinder or fluid motor. A fluid cylinder produces a force. A fluid motor produces a torque. Fluid cylinders & motors provide the muscle to do desired work.

dARNALis8 Fluid Power - History Known as hydraulics & pneumatics due to the working fluid can either be liquid or gas. Working on the Pascal’s Law “Pressure is transmitted undiminished in a confined body of fluid” Pascal found that when he rammed a cork into a jug completely full of wine, the bottom of the jug broke and fell out.

dARNALis9 Fluid Power - History Pascal’s law indicated that the pressures were equal at the top and bottom of the jug, however, the jug has a small opening area at the top and a large area at the bottom, thus the bottom absorbs greater force due to its larger area. Pressure Pressure Transmitted Acting Area 2 Acting Area 1

dARNALis10 Fluid Power - History While Bernoulli developed his law of conservation of energy for a fluid flowing in a pipeline. Pascal’s & Bernoulli’s law is the working principle of all fluid power applications and are used for analysis purposes.

dARNALis11 Fluid Power – Hydraulics Hydraulics Systems Uses liquids such as mineral oils, water, synthetic oils, even molten metals. Water was the 1 st hydraulic fluids Not very suitable due to several deficiencies, such as freezes, poor lubricant & corrosive characteristics. Oils are superior and widely used. Liquids provides very rigid medium (uncompressible) for transmitting power & thus provides huge forces moving loads (with accuracy & precision)

dARNALis12 Fluid Power – Pneumatics Pneumatics Systems Uses air as the gas medium due to abundant supply and can be readily exhausted to the atmosphere. Other gasses are not favorable due to cost, efficiency reasons but might be considered for special/critical purposes, should there be. Gas exhibits spongy characteristics due to compressibility of gas. However it is less expensive to build, operate & maintained.

dARNALis13 Applications

dARNALis14 Applications

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dARNALis16 Advantages of Fluid Power 3 basic methods of transmitting power; Electrical Mechanical Fluid Power Efficient overall system – using combination of all above. Fluid systems can transmit power more economically over greater distance than mechanical system. However, restricted to shorter distances compared to electrical systems

dARNALis17 Advantages of Fluid Power Fluid power secret is its versatility and manageability. Not constrain to the physical geometry of the machine compared to mechanical systems. E.g. automotive braking systems. Power transmitted in almost limitless quantities. Not constrained by the physical limitation of materials such in an electrical systems. (E.g. Electromagnets, depends on saturation limit of steel)

dARNALis18 Advantages of Fluid Power Main advantages of Fluid Power systems are: 1. Ease and accuracy of control. 2. Multiplication of force. 3. Constant force or torque. 4. Simplicity, safety & economy.

dARNALis19 Drawbacks of Fluid Power In spite of all highly desirable of fluid power, it is not the answer of all power transmission problems. Hydraulics oil are messy. Leakage is virtually impossible to eliminate completely. Safety issue – hydraulics lines might burst resulting to injuries if proper design are not implemented.

dARNALis20 Applications of Fluid Power

dARNALis21 Applications of Fluid Power

dARNALis22 Applications of Fluid Power

dARNALis23 Applications of Fluid Power

dARNALis24 Applications of Fluid Power

dARNALis25 Applications of Fluid Power

dARNALis26 Applications of Fluid Power

dARNALis27 Applications of Fluid Power Pneumatic powered Dextrous articulated artificial limb Courtesy of, Shadow Robot Company

dARNALis28 Applications of Fluid Power

dARNALis29 Applications of Fluid Power Pneumatic powered artificial muscle. Air Muscle, Courtesy of Shadow Robot Company

dARNALis30 Components of a Fluid Power System (Hydraulic System) 6(six) components 1. Tank (reservoir) – holding the liquid/storage. 2. Pump – force liquid 3. Electric motor -drive the pump. 4. Valves –direction, pressure & flow rate. 5. Actuators – convert energy 6. Piping – Carries the liquid

dARNALis31 Components of a Fluid Power System (Hydraulic System) Figure 1-21

dARNALis32 Components of a Fluid Power System (Hydraulic System) Figure 1-20

dARNALis33 Components of a Fluid Power System (Hydraulic System) Complexity of hydraulic-depending applications Complete packaged power system containing: 1. Electric motor 2. Pump 3. Shaft coupling 4. Reservoir (oil tank) 5. Miscellaneous piping, pressure valves and 6. Other components -such as pressure gages.

dARNALis34 Components of a Fluid Power System (Hydraulic System) Figure 1-22

dARNALis35 Components of a Fluid Power System (Pneumatic System) There are also 6(six) basic components 1. Air Tank (reservoir) – storing compressed air. 2. Compressor – Compresses air 3. Electric motor –drive compressor 4. Valves – direction, pressure & flow rate. 5. Actuators – convert energy 6. Piping – distribute

dARNALis36 Components of a Fluid Power System (Pneumatic System) Fig 1-23

dARNALis37 Components of a Fluid Power System (Pneumatic System) Complexity of pneumatic –depending applications Self-contained pneumatic power unit is consist; Electric motor Compressor Shaft coupling Reservoir (Air tank) Miscellaneous piping, pressure valves and Other components -such as pressure gages.

dARNALis38 Components of a Fluid Power System (Pneumatic System) Should be noted; Pneumatic-air exhausted back to the atmosphere Hydraulic- drains back to th reservoir,reused, filter

dARNALis39 Closed-Loop vs. Open Loop System Fluid power closed-loop open-loop type. Closed-loop System feedback. difference between command signal feedback signals, action will be taken automatically to correct servo systems servo systems, valves used to direct fluid are typically called servo valves.

dARNALis40 Closed-Loop vs. Open Loop System Open-loop System Not using feedback. Individual components No input / output compensation occur. Most hydraulic circuits are of the open-loop type,not complex,precise Errors due to slippage Example, Leakage past seals inside pumps due to viscosity change of fluid which affected to the rise of operating temperature. Leading to pressure and speed of actuators to drop.

dARNALis41 Closed-Loop vs. Open Loop System