Biochemistry Review / Crash Course. Classification of monosaccharides classified by type of carbonyl group aldoses - polyhydroxylaldehydes ketoses - polyhydroxylketones.

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Presentation transcript:

Biochemistry Review / Crash Course

Classification of monosaccharides classified by type of carbonyl group aldoses - polyhydroxylaldehydes ketoses - polyhydroxylketones

Classification of monosaccharides classified by number of carbons trioses - 3 carbon sugars –aldehydic triose or aldotriose –ketonic triose or ketotriose tetroses pentoses hexoses heptoses etc.

Cyclic hemiacetals formed by intramolecular reaction represented by Haworth projection formulas  -D-glucopyranose (Haworth projection) pyran D-glucose (linear form)

Anomers cyclization forms a new asymmetric carbon two possible stereoisomers could result inconvert in a process called mutarotation  -D-Glucopyranose  -D-Glucopyranose  

Cyclic hemiketals furan D-fructose (linear form)  -D-Fructofuranose

Disaccharides Glucose  anomer of Maltose  -D-Glucopyranosyl-(1  4)-  -D-glucopyranose

Disaccharides Glucose Fructose Sucrose  -D-Glucopyranosyl-(1  2)-  -D-fructofuranoside

Polysaccharides (glycans)

Storage Polysaccharides: Amylose

Branch Main chain starch (amylopectin) branches every 24 to 30 glucoses glycogen branches every 8 to 12 glucoses Storage Polysaccharides: Amylopectin

Amylopectin amylase Free Glucose molecules hydrolysis

Preparatory Phase of Glycolysis (figure 14-2a)

Payoff Phases of Glycolysis (figure 14-2b)

Overall Glycolysis: produces two ATP, two NADH, and 2 pyruvates from 1 glucose

Two Types of Energy-Yielding Metabolism aerobic (or respiration) –utilization or consumption of O 2 to make pathways go forward anaerobic (or fermentation) –final electron acceptor is not O 2

Fate of Pyruvate

Formation of Ethanol

Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP)

Reactions Catalyzed by Thiamine 1)  -keto acids decarboxylation

Reactions Catalyzed by Thiamine 2)  -condensation reactions pyruvate α-acetolactate

Formation of Ethanol

Nicotinamide

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide