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 CompoundsCARBON organic  Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic.  Macromoleculesorganic molecules  Macromolecules are large organic molecules. 2

POLYMERS  Also called POLYMERS. MONOMERS  Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS.  Examples: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids 3

 Broken down to form usable energy for cells (immediate energy)  Composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen  Include sugars and starches  Three types: A.monosaccharide B.disaccharide C.polysaccharide 4

Monosaccharide: one sugar unit Examples:Glucose ( Examples:Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )DeoxyriboseRiboseFructose 5 glucose

Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples:  Sucrose (glucose+fructose)  Lactose (glucose+galactose)  Maltose (glucose+glucose) 6 glucoseglucose

Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples:  starch (bread, potatoes)  glycogen (stored in muscle cells)  cellulose (makes up the cell wall of plants) 7 glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose cellulose

 Not soluble in water  Not soluble in water.  Chains of carbon bonded to oxygen and hydrogen  Examples:1. Fats 2. Phospholipids 3. Oils 4. Waxes 5. Cholesterol (Steroid hormones) 6. Triglycerides 8 Lipids

1. Long term energy storage 2. Protection against heat loss (insulation) 3. Protection against physical shock 4. Protection against water loss 5. Chemical messengers (hormones) 6. Major component of cell membranes 9

10 Two kinds: 1.Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) 2.Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good…better) 2.Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good…better) O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = saturated O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 - CH 3 = unsaturated

 Fats and oils: c1 glycerol3 fatty acids  Fats and oils: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. 11 H H-C----O H glycerol O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 =

 A high triglyceride level in the blood increases a risk of heart attack or pancreatic disease  What can cause high triglycerides??

 Lack of exercise  Being overweight  Smoking  Skipping meals and then eating large quantities  Excessive intake of alcohol, sugar, starch, calories, saturated and trans fats

 2 fatty acids and a glycerol

Make up the structure of the cell membrane

 Structural lipid  Highly water proof  Plant leaves  Earwax and beeswax

 Ring structure  Many hormones  Testosterone  Estrogen  Regulatory

peptide bonds polypeptides  Amino acids (20 different kinds) bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides).  Six functions of proteins: 1.Storage:albumin (egg white) 2.Transport: hemoglobin 3.Regulatory:hormones 4.Movement:muscles 5.Structural:membranes, hair, nails 6.Enzymes:cellular reactions 18

 Sequence of amino acids determines the protein structure and function copyright cmassengale19 aa1aa2aa3aa4aa5aa6 Peptide Bonds Amino Acids (aa)

 Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- double helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand)  Nucleic acids nucleotides  Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides (monomer)  Nucleotides contain detailed instructions to build proteins 20

 Nucleotides include: phosphate group pentose sugar (5-carbon) nitrogenous bases: adenine (A) thymine (T) DNA only uracil (U) RNA only cytosine (C) guanine (G) 21

22 O O=P-O OPhosphate Group Group N Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) (A, G, C, or T) CH2 O C1C1 C4C4 C3C3 C2C2 5 Sugar Sugar(deoxyribose)