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PAST Studying Space from the Ground

Famous Astronomers Astronomy – a natural science that deals with celestial objects (stars, planets, comets, galaxies) Copernicus – published the heliocentric model; sun is center of solar system, planets orbit around sun Galileo – his observations by telescope verified the heliocentric model; created a better telescope How was this knowledge of the solar system discovered? It is a dramatic story in the History of Science. So today’s lecture is mainly historical. Then next time we’ll see how Isaac Newton explained the motion of the planets with his theories of motion and gravity. The slide lists the famous names in the Copernican Revolution. Ptolemy was a Greek astronomer who lived in Egypt during the time of the Roman Empire. He was born about 85 AD – 85 years after the birth of Jesus of Nazareth. He wrote a famous book on astronomy, which tried to show that the Earth is at the center of the universe, based on astronomical observations of his time. In the Ptolemaic model, all heavenly bodies revolve around the Earth -- stars, the sun, the moon, and the planets. However, Ptolemy and others knew that the geocentric model was really not very accurate; so they tried to fix it up in various ways to agree with the observations. They had to postulate complicated orbits around the Earth, with cycles and epicycles, to agree with the observations on planetary motions. The Ptolemaic theory – the geocentric model -- survived for 1,400 years, in spite of its weaknesses. {READ} Copernicus was trained to be a priest, and held an office in the Roman Catholic Church in Poland. But he spent his life in astronomical studies. At the end of his life he published the theory that the Earth and planets revolve around the sun. {READ} Galileo and Kepler lived some years after Copernicus. They never met in person but they did correspond and they respected each other. Their work proved that Copernicus was right. {READ} Finally, Newton developed a complete theory of planetary orbits. It is still used today. Kepler – researched laws of planetary motion Newton – developed the full theory of planetary orbits 3

Famous Astronomers: Timeline Galileo 1564-1642 Newton 1642-1727 Tycho 1546-1601 Copernicus 1473-1543 Kepler 1571-1630

Galileo Galilei Galileo’s most famous invention was the telescope. Galileo made his first telescope in 1609. He created a telescope later that could magnify objects twenty times. With this telescope, he was able to look at the moon, discover the 4 moons of Jupiter, observe a supernova, verify the phases of Venus, and discover sunspots.

PAST Studying Space from Outer Space

First Dog in Space Laika was the first dog sent into orbit around the Earth. Sputnik 2, Russian, November 3, 1957 Laika died 5 to 7 hours into the flight, from overheating and stress.

Monkeynaut Gordo the squirrel monkey launched December 13, 1958. Drowned in the Atlantic Ocean when the flotation device on the nose cone failed and it sank.

Cosmonauts and Astronauts An astronaut or cosmonaut (Russian) is a person trained by a human spaceflight program to command, pilot, or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft.

First Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin - Russian first human in space Gagarin piloted the Vostok 1 mission which launched April 12, 1961. His flight lasted 108 minutes and orbited the Earth once.

First Woman Cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova first Russian woman in space She was on the Vostok 5 mission which launched on June 16, 1963, and orbited the Earth 48 times. The flight lasted 3 days.

First American in Space Alan B. Shepard Jr. This astronaut briefly flew into space on May 5, 1961, in Freedom 7, a Mercury space capsule. The capsule splashed down at sea and was retrieved by helicopter.

First Person to Walk on Moon Astronaut - Neil Armstrong Apollo 11 mission On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong left the Lunar Module Eagle and became the first human to set foot on the moon.

Apollo 11 Command Module

First American Woman in Space Sally Kristen Ride On June 18, 1983, a young physicist from California took her seat aboard the space shuttle and launched into history. On that date, Sally Ride became the first American woman in space as a mission specialist.

First Teacher Chosen for Space Christa McAuliffe Christa McAuliffe was a civilian mission specialist aboard the Challenger Space Shuttle. She died with the rest of the seven member crew when Challenger exploded 73 seconds after launch on January 28, 1986.

First African American Woman Mae C. Jemison Space Shuttle Endeavor (STS-47, Spacelab-J) as the Mission Specialist; the mission lifted off on September 12, 1992 and landed on September 20, 1992.

Finished with notes Complete 4-5 sentence summary on C-Notes Glue onto next RIGHT hand page You may pick box assignment 1 or 5 to complete over this C-Note Every time you use a word out of your C-Notes in your box assignment you must underline the word.