FMD Reference Laboratory FMD Update New threats to the Gulf States and North Africa? Donald King WRLFMD Team: Valerie Mioulet, Nick Knowles, Anna Ludi, Ginette Wilsden, Bryony Armson, Pip Hamblin, Kasia Bachanek-Bankowska, Lissie Hendry, Jemma Wadsworth, Britta Wood, Barsha Thapa, Bob Statham, Abid Bin-Tarif, Ashley Gray, Emma Fishbourne, Beth Johns, Mark Henstock, Alison Morris, David Paton, Nick Lyons, Dexter Wiseman, Trish Ryder, Sarah Belgrave

BBSRC National Virology Centre: The Plowright Building 2015: Occupied new high containment laboratory Houses all our work with “live” FMD and International Reference Laboratories for FMD, BT, PPR, ASF, AHS, Capripox

Submissions to WRLFMD Pirbright October 2013 – September 2015 (period of current LoA) Trinidad PAT Israel Hong Kong SAR Chinese Taipei South Korea Sequence exchange with China, Russia, India and BVI Reports for these samples can be found at:

FMD: Conjectured global status Seven FMDV serotypes Seven endemic pools requiring tailored diagnostics and vaccines No FMD outbreaks in South America (almost 4 years) No outbreaks due to serotype C (~10 years) New FMD-free zone (without vaccination) established in northern Kazakhstan

Viruses on the move: Changing epidemiological patterns Outbreaks reported to the OIE (change of epidemiological status): O and A: North Africa & Middle East

O/ME-SA/Ind2001 lineage from the Indian sub-continent Since 2013: FMD Outbreaks in Saudi Arabia, UAE, Bahrain, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco (November 2015) Transmission links unknown? Increasing threats to Europe Recent serotype O cases Knowles et al., (2015) TED OIE WAHID

Vaccine matching for O/ME-SA/Ind field isolates Vaccine strain Field IsolateO-3039O ManisaO/TUR/5/09 LIB 1/2013 LIB 7/2013 LIB 17/2013 LIB 22/2013 NEP 13/2012borderline NEP 6/2012borderline NEP 21/2012 NEP 6/2013 NEP 18/2013 NEP 1/2014 NEP 6/2014 SAU 1/2013 SAU 4/2013 SAU 6/2013 SAU 7/2013 SAU 1/2014borderline SRL 1/2013 SRL 1/2014borderline UAE 1/2014borderline UAE 2/2014borderline ALG 1/2014borderline TUN 1/2014borderline BAR 8/2015 BAR 14/2015

Vaccine Potency Trial O/ME-SA/Ind2001 Funded via EU (from EU-RL) contribution Experiments hosted by CVI-Lelystad Adopted protocol according to European Pharmacopeia O-Manisa vaccination (at least 6PD 50 ) with O/ALG/2014 challenge Estimated heterologous potency ~3 PD 50

Viruses on the move: Changing epidemiological patterns Outbreaks reported to the OIE (change of epidemiological status): O North Africa & Middle East SAT 2 and A West EurAsia

Recent outbreaks due to SAT 2 Mauritania and Oman OMAN 2015 Mauritania 2014 New SAT 2 samples from field outbreaks VP1 sequencing: two different genetic groups within topotype VII Oman 2015: Cattle Genetically similar to FMD viruses from previous outbreaks in Egypt (Alx-12 sub-lineage) Mauritania 2014: Cattle Genetically most similar to FMD viruses from Nigeria

“Hot off the press”! New serotype A outbreaks in Saudi Arabia and Turkey September-October 2015 VP1 sequences are serotype A Originating from the Indian sub-continent A further example of new “unexpected” FMDV movement between endemic pools Impact upon vaccination?

A/India Poor match to many commercial vaccines Recent r-values: A/SAU/1/2015A/SAU/2/2015 A-Iran-0500 A-Iran A-Iran A-Iran A-Sau A A-Tur A-May

Site NSPTP QNLNP KPVSP SPVSP VNVSP A/ERI/3/98 A22/IRQ/24/64 A/MAY/97 A/IRN/31/2005 A/TUR/4/2006 A/SAU/1/2015 A/SAU/2/2015 A/SAU/3/2015 A/SAU/4/2015 A/SAU/5/2015 A/SAU/6/2015 Site TSVSPRRGDLGALAARV AGGTGRRGDLGPLAARV TPGA-RRGDLGSLAARD TTGNGRRGDLGPLAARV TTGNGRRGDLGSLAARV AASGRTRGDQGQLAARV AASGRARGDTGQLAARV AASGRARGDLEQLTARV AASGRTRGDQGQLAARV Deletion in VP3 59 Amino acid differences in known antigenic sites in lineage A/ASIA/G-VII, isolates A/India

Epidemiology of FMD is very dynamic Sampling of field outbreaks is critical During new unpredictable patterns in Asia and North Africa Threats to FMD-free countries in Europe and Turkish Thrace Impact upon selection and deployment of vaccines Multiple FMDV lineages may have different epidemiological features Importance of the sample collection from FMD outbreaks in the field– to feed real-time lab data back to FMD control programmes Talk summary

Acknowledgements Support for the WRLFMD and research projects Collaborating FMD Reference Laboratories and field teams Partners within the OIE/FAO FMD Lab Network