1. FMD Global Update 2003-2004 Jean-François Valarcher, Nick Knowles, Rosa Fernandez, Paul Davies, Rebecca Midgley, Geoff Hutchings, Brenda Newman, Bob Statham, Nigel Ferris and David Paton IAH FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD Crete, October 2004

2. September 2004

3. Conjectured Status of FMD 2004 September 2004 Intermediate, sporadic Endemic Free Free. Virus present in game parks Free with vaccination FAO World Reference Laboratory WRL

4. FAO World Reference Laboratory WRL FMD outbreak(s) reported in 2003 FMD outbreak(s) reported in 2004 FMD outbreaks reported in 2003 and 2004 FMD outbreaks reported to OIE between 2003 - September 2004 62 countries Argentina Bolivia Brazil Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Venezuela Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Turkey Bahrain, Georgia, Iran, Israel, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon Oman, Saudi Arabia, Tajikistan, UAE, Yemen Cambodia Hong Kong Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Thailand Philippines Vietnam Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Sri Lanka 30 September 2004

5. FAO World Reference Laboratory WRL FMDV serotype O reported in 2004 FMDV serotype O reported in 2003 FMDV serotype O reported in 2003 and 2004 23 SEPTEMBER 2004 Distribution of FMDV serotype O (OIE Handistatus II / WRL FMD) between 2003 - September 2004 44 Countries Argentina Bolivia Brazil Ecuador Paraguay Peru Venezuela Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, Ghana, Kenya, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia Bahrain, Iran, Israel, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, UAE Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Sri Lanka Hong Kong Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Thailand Philippines Vietnam

6. FAO World Reference Laboratory WRL FMD serotype O collected in 2004 FMD serotype O collected in 2003 FMD serotype O collected in 2003 and 2004 23 SEPTEMBER 2004 Countries that have submitted FMDV serotype O to the FAO World Reference Laboratory between 2003 - September 2004 21 Countries Burundi, Rwanda, Sudan, Uganda Iran, Israel, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, UAE Afghanistan, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan Hong Kong Lao PDR Malaysia Thailand Philippines Vietnam

7. FAO World Reference Laboratory WRL FMDV serotype A reported in 2004 FMDV serotype A reported in 2003 FMDV serotype A reported in 2003 and 2004 23 SEPTEMBER 2004 Colombia Paraguay Venezuela Cameroon, Chad, Kenya, Nigeria Iran, Tajikistan, Turkey Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan Lao PDR Malaysia Thailand Distribution of FMDV serotype A (OIE Handistatus II / WRL FMD) between 2003 - September 2004 17 countries

9. FAO World Reference Laboratory WRL FMDV serotype C reported in 2004 FMDV serotype C reported in 2003 20 SEPTEMBER 2004 Brazil Chad, Kenya Pakistan and Ethiopia? Distribution of FMDV type C (OIE Handistatus II) between 2003 - September 2004 3 countries

10. Distribution of FMD serotype Asia 1 (OIE Handistatus) between 2003 - September 2004 FAO World Reference Laboratory WRL 23 SEPTEMBER 2004 FMDV serotype Asia 1 reported in 2004 FMDV serotype Asia 1 reported in 2003 FMDV serotype Asia 1 reported in 2003 and 2004 4 countries India Iran Nepal Pakistan

11. Countries that have submitted FMD serotype Asia 1 to the FAO World Reference Laboratory between 2003 - September 2004 FAO World Reference Laboratory WRL FMDV serotype Asia 1 collected in 2004 FMDV serotype Asia 1 collected in 2003 FMDV serotype Asia1 collected in 2003and 2004 17 SEPTEMBER 2004 1 country Pakistan

12. FAO World Reference Laboratory FMDV serotype SAT 1 reported in 2004 FMDV serotype SAT 1 reported in 2003 FMDV serotype SAT 1 reported in 2003 and 2004 WRL 27 SEPTEMBER 2004 Distribution of FMDV serotype SAT 1 (OIE Handistatus II) between 2003 - September 2004 11 countries Benin Botswana Cameroon Chad Kenya, Mozambique Niger Nigeria Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe

13. FAO World Reference Laboratory WRL 27 SEPTEMBER 2004 Countries that have submitted FMDV type SAT1 or serum to the FAO World Reference Laboratory between 2003 - September 2004 FMDV serotype SAT 1 collected in 2004 FMDV serotype SAT 1 collected in 2003 FMDV serotype SAT 1 collected in 2003 and 2004 FMDV serotype SAT 1 antibodies were detected in 2003 2 Countries Botswana Zimbabwe

14. FAO World Reference Laboratory WRL 27 SEPTEMBER 2004 Benin, Cameroon, Chad, Kenya, Libya, Malawi Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Distribution of FMDV serotype SAT 2 (OIE Handistatus II) between 2003 - September 2004 16 countries FMDV serotype SAT 2 reported in 2004 FMDV serotype SAT 2 reported in 2003 FMDV serotype SAT 2 reported in 2003 and 2004

15. FAO World Reference Laboratory WRL 27 SEPTEMBER 2004 Countries that have submitted FMD serotype SAT 2 to the FAO World Reference Laboratory between 2003 - September 2004 4 countries FMDV serotype SAT 2 collected in 2004 FMDV serotype SAT 2 collected in 2003 FMDV serotype SAT 2 collected in 2003 and 2004 Libya, Malawi Rwanda, Zimbabwe

16. FAO World Reference Laboratory WRL 27 SEPTEMBER 2004 Distribution of FMDV serotype SAT 3 (OIE /Handistatus II) between 2003 - September 2004 Benin Cameroon Chad Tanzania Zambia 5 countries FMDV serotype SAT 3 reported in 2004 FMDV serotype SAT 3 reported in 2003 FMDV serotype SAT 3 reported in 2003 and 2004

17. FMD samples received at FAO WRL FMD in 2003 FMDV: Foot-and-Mouth Disease virus (a): swine vesicular disease virus (b):no foot-and-mouth disease, swine vesicular disease or vesicular stomatitis virus (c): Not tested *two samples from Pakistan contained a mixture of foot-and-mouth disease virus types O and virus type A **positive by RT-PCR for SVDV but not FMDV genome UAE: United Arab Emirates The following samples were additionally received by the OIE/FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot and Mouth Disease in 2003 : New RT-PCR in real time

18. Samples or FMD isolates received at FAO WRL at Pirbright between January and 30 th of September 2004 Botswana Vaccine Institute and Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute

19. Samples or FMD isolates received at FAO WRL (Pirbright) from January 2003 to September 2004 - Summary - 32 countries - 876 Clinical samples or isolates - collected between 2000 and 2004 - O (219), A (53), Asia 1 (10), SAT 1 (15) and SAT 2 (43) - 176 clinical samples: testing or characterisation in progress - more clinical samples are expected -Further characterisation: -Phylogenetic analysis: complete VP1 gene from all the FMD isolates -r Values (ELISA and VNT) on a selection of FMDV

20. FMDV serotype O Euro-SA ISA-1 ISA-2 Cathay EA-1 EA-2 WA ME-SA SEA PanAsiaPak98 Irn2001 Ind2001 Mya98 Cam94

21. FMDV serotype O 1% O/VIT/13/2002 O/HKN/1/2002 O/HKN/3/2002 O/HKN/2/2003 O/HKN/3/2003 O/PHI/17/2003 O/PHI/5/2003 O/PHI/20/2003 O/PHI/18/2003 O/PHI/10/2003 O/PHI/21/2003 O/PHI/23/2003 O/KEN/7/2002 O/BUN/7/2003 O/KEN/5/2002 O/UGA/3/2002 O/KEN/3/2002 O/UGA/1/2004 O/UGA/18/2004 O/UGA/6/2004 O/UGA/5/2004 O/UGA/7/2004 O/ZAM/1/2000 O/ZAM/2/2000 O/RWA/2/2004 O/RWA/3/2004 O/GHA/5/93 O/BKF/1/2002 O/MAU/19/2000 O/K83/79* (Kenya) O/UGA/5/96 O/TAI/189/87* O/TAI/3/2003 O/MYA/7/2002 O/LAO/7/2003 O/LAO/35/2003 O/TAI/44-2/02R2B3/2002* O/MAY/1/2002 O/MAY/5/2002 O/IND/R2/75* O1/Manisa/TUR/69 O/PAK/14/2003 O/PAK/17/2003 O/PAK/16/2003 O/PAK/73/2003 O/IND/53/79 O/BHU/7/2002 O/PAT/2/2002 O/PAT/3/2002 O/PAK/1/2003 O/IRN/4/2003 O/IRN/8/2003 O/IRN/6/2003 O/IRN/15/2003 O/PAK/16/2002 O/PAK/18/2002 O/TUR/5/2002 O/BHU/2/2002 O/BHU/38/2002 O/LAO/17/2003 O/LAO/19/2003 O/LAO/20/2003 O/BHU/22/2003 O/BHU/24/2003 O/NEP/4/2003 O/BHU/41/2003 O/BHU/33/2004 O/BHU/47/2003 O/NEP/6/2003 O/NEP/2/2003 O/NEP/5/2003 O/BHU/40/2004 O/BHU/26/2004 O/BHU/28/2004 O/MAY/2/2004 O/MAY/6/2003 O/MAY/3/2004 O/LAO/3/2003 O/LAO/11/2003 O/LAO/13/2003 O/LAO/12/2003 O/LAO/21/2003 O/LAO/23/2003 O/LAO/28/2003 O/LAO/30/2003 O/LAO/31/2003 Cathay EA-1 EA-2 WA ME-SA SEA PanAsiaPak98 Irn2001 Ind2001 Mya98 Cam94 Good matching: O Manisa (n=3 ; Burundi) Africa Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda, Zambia, Sudan

22. r Values: By VNT: (Tur ; n=3) (Irn ; n=2) (Isr ; n=2) (PAT ; n=1) Good matching with O Manisa By ELISA (Isr ; n=3): Good matching with O Manisa 3039, Gshur Isr 2/85 and Dalton FMDV serotype O Europe Middle East O/IRN/2/2003 O/IRN/16/2003 O/SKR/1/2002 O/TAI/2/2003 O/VIT/1/2003 O/TAW/2/99 O/VIT/9/2002 O/VIT/6/2002 O/VIT/20/2002 O/AFG/16/2003 O/AFG/49/2003 O/AFG/50/2003 O/VIT/12/2002 O/VIT/19/2002 O/TUR/7/2003 O/ISR/2/2004 O/LEB/1/2003 O/TUR/1/2003 O/SYR/2/2002 O/TUR/12/2002 O/TUR/3/2002 O/TUR/3/2003 1% O/UGA/18/2004 O/UGA/6/2004 O/UGA/5/2004 O/UGA/7/2004 O/ZAM/1/2000 O/ZAM/2/2000 O/RWA/2/2004 O/RWA/3/2004 O/GHA/5/93 O/BKF/1/2002 O/MAU/19/2000 O/K83/79* (Kenya) O/UGA/5/96 O/TAI/189/87* O/TAI/3/2003 O/MYA/7/2002 O/LAO/7/2003 O/LAO/35/2003 O/TAI/44-2/02R2B3/2002* O/MAY/1/2002 O/MAY/5/2002 O/IND/R2/75* O1/Manisa/TUR/69 O/PAK/14/2003 O/PAK/17/2003 O/PAK/16/2003 O/PAK/73/2003 O/IND/53/79 O/BHU/7/2002 O/PAT/2/2002 O/PAK/1/2003 O/IRN/4/2003 O/IRN/8/2003 O/IRN/6/2003 O/IRN/15/2003 O/PAK/16/2002 O/PAK/18/2002 O/TUR/5/2002 O/BHU/2/2002 O/BHU/38/2002 O/LAO/17/2003 O/LAO/19/2003 O/LAO/20/2003 O/BHU/22/2003 O/BHU/24/2003 O/NEP/4/2003 O/BHU/41/2003 O/BHU/33/2004 O/BHU/47/2003 O/NEP/6/2003 O/NEP/2/2003 O/NEP/5/2003 O/BHU/40/2004 O/BHU/26/2004 O/BHU/28/2004 O/MAY/2/2004 O/MAY/6/2003 O/MAY/3/2004 O/LAO/3/2003 O/LAO/11/2003 O/LAO/13/2003 O/LAO/12/2003 O/LAO/21/2003 O/LAO/23/2003 O/LAO/28/2003 O/LAO/30/2003 O/LAO/31/2003 O/SAU/1/2002 EA-1 EA-2 WA ME-SA SEA PanAsia Pak98 Irn2001 Ind2001 Mya98 Cam94 Iran UAE (O/Irn/6/2003) Iran Turkey Israel Lebanon Saudi Arabia (not shown) PAT O/PAT/3/2002

23. FMDV serotype O South Asia O/IRN/2/2003 O/IRN/16/2003 O/SKR/1/2002 O/TAI/2/2003 O/VIT/1/2003 O/TAW/2/99 O/VIT/9/2002 O/VIT/6/2002 O/VIT/20/2002 O/AFG/16/2003 O/AFG/49/2003 O/AFG/50/2003 O/VIT/12/2002 O/VIT/19/2002 O/TUR/7/2003 O/ISR/2/2004 O/LEB/1/2003 O/TUR/1/2003 O/SYR/2/2002 O/TUR/12/2002 O/TUR/3/2002 O/TUR/3/2003 1% O/UGA/18/2004 O/UGA/6/2004 O/UGA/5/2004 O/UGA/7/2004 O/ZAM/1/2000 O/ZAM/2/2000 O/RWA/2/2004 O/RWA/3/2004 O/GHA/5/93 O/BKF/1/2002 O/MAU/19/2000 O/K83/79* (Kenya) O/UGA/5/96 O/TAI/189/87* O/TAI/3/2003 O/MYA/7/2002 O/LAO/7/2003 O/LAO/35/2003 O/TAI/44-2/02R2B3/2002* O/MAY/1/2002 O/MAY/5/2002 O/IND/R2/75* O1/Manisa/TUR/69 O/PAK/14/2003 O/PAK/17/2003 O/PAK/16/2003 O/PAK/73/2003 O/IND/53/79 O/BHU/7/2002 O/PAT/2/2002 O/PAT/3/2002 O/IRN/4/2003 O/IRN/8/2003 O/IRN/6/2003 O/IRN/15/2003 O/PAK/16/2002 O/PAK/18/2002 O/TUR/5/2002 O/BHU/2/2002 O/BHU/38/2002 O/LAO/17/2003 O/LAO/19/2003 O/LAO/20/2003 O/BHU/22/2003 O/BHU/24/2003 O/NEP/4/2003 O/BHU/41/2003 O/BHU/33/2004 O/BHU/47/2003 O/NEP/6/2003 O/NEP/2/2003 O/NEP/5/2003 O/BHU/40/2004 O/BHU/26/2004 O/BHU/28/2004 O/MAY/2/2004 O/MAY/6/2003 O/MAY/3/2004 O/LAO/3/2003 O/LAO/11/2003 O/LAO/13/2003 O/LAO/12/2003 O/LAO/21/2003 O/LAO/23/2003 O/LAO/28/2003 O/LAO/30/2003 O/LAO/31/2003 O/SAU/1/2002 EA-1 EA-2 WA ME-SA SEA PanAsia Irn2001 Afghanistan Pakistan closely related to O/PAK/45 2003 (not shown) O/PAK/1/2003 Bhutan Nepal Pakistan Pak98 r Values: By VNT: (Afg ; n=3) (Bhu ; n=3) (Nep ; n=2) (Pak ; n=2) Good matching O Manisa By ELISA (Afg ; n=6) (Pak ; n=7) Good matching with O Manisa, 3039, Ind 53/79, Phi 95, Tai 189/87 and O TNN 24/84 Good to moderate matching: 4174 Poor to moderate matching: BFS

24. FMDV serotype O South East Asia Hong Kong Philippines r Values: By VNT: (Hgk ; n=2) (Phi ; n=3) Good matching O Manisa By ELISA (Phi ; n=2) : Good matching Phi 95, 4174 and 3039

26. FMDV serotype A

27. FMDV serotype A Europe Middle East A/ARG/1/2001 A/IRQ/33/2002 A/IRQ/59/2002 A/TUR/2/2003 A/TUR/4/2003 A/TUR/14/2002 A/SYR/5/2002 A/TUR/17/2001 A/IND/53/2000* A/IND/67/2000* A/IRQ/33/2002 A/IRQ/59/2002 A/TUR/2/2003 A/IRQ/33/2002 A/IRQ/59/2002 A/IRQ/33/2002 A/IRQ/59/2002 1% A/IRN/1/96 A/SAU/23/86 A/BHU/27/2003 A/BHU/41/2002 A/BHU/7/2003 A/IND/60/2000* A/IND/192/2000* A/IND/78/2000* A/IND/104/2000* A/IND/38/2000* A/IND/84/2000* A/IND/24/2001* A/IND/126/2000* A/IND/128/2000* A/IND/172/2000* A/IRN/1/96 R Values: By VNT: (Irn ; n=2) (Tur ; n=1) Poor matching with A22 Irq 24/64 By ELISA (n=4) : (Irn ; n=3) (Tur ; n=1) Good matching: A Irn 99 and A May 97 Good to moderate matching: A Irn 96, A Sau 23/86, A Irn 87 Poor matching : A22 Irq 24/64

28. FMDV serotype A Southern Asia Irn96 Irn99 Pakistan Bhutan R Values: By VNT: (Pak ; n=1) Poor matching with A22 Irq 24/64 By ELISA: (n=7; Bhu, Pak) Good matching: A Irn 99, A May 97 and 4164 Good to moderate: A Irn 96, A Sau 23/86, A Irn 87 and A Sau 95 Poor matching: A22 Irq 24/64 and Ind 17/82

29. FMDV serotype A South East Asia A/ARG/1/2001 Irn96 1% A/KEN/15/98 [K62/98] A/KEN/16/98A [K67/98] A/K5/80* A/K49/84* A/UGA/1/2002 A/IND/68/2001* A/TAI/1188/87* A/MAY/2/2002 A/TAI/7/2002 A/TAI/8/2003 A/MAY/1/2003 A/MAY/3/2003 A/MAY/4/2003 A/TAI/11/2003 A/TAI/12/2003 A/TAI/10/2003 A/TAI/4/2003 A/TAI/7/2003 A/TAI/1/2001 A/TAI/2/97 A/TAI/3/2001 A/TAI/2/2002 A/IRN/41/2003 A/IRN/32/2001 A/IRN/34/2001 A/IRN/2/2002 A/IRN/7/2003 A/IRN/87 A/IRN/10/2003 A/PAK/28/2002 A/PAK/9/2003 A/IND/17/77* A22/IRQ/24/64 A/IRN/22/99 A/TUR/5/2003 A/IRN/5/2003 A/IRN/9/2003 A/IRQ/2/2002 A/IRQ/100/2002 A/IRQ/99/2002 A/IRQ/107/2002 A/IRQ/108/2002 A/IRQ/24/2002 A/IRQ/60/2002 A/IRQ/33/2002 A/IRQ/59/2002 A/IRN/1/96 A/TUR/2/2003 A/TUR/4/2003 A/TUR/14/2002 A/SYR/5/2002 A/TUR/17/2001 A/SAU/23/86 A/BHU/27/2003 A/BHU/41/2002 A/BHU/7/2003 A/IND/60/2000* A/IND/192/2000* A/IND/78/2000* A/IND/104/2000* A/IND/53/2000* A/IND/67/2000* A/IND/38/2000* A/IND/84/2000* A/IND/24/2001* A/IND/126/2000* A/IND/128/2000* A/IND/172/2000* Asia Irn99 Thailand Malaysia Lao PDR? Vietnam R Values: By ELISA : (Tai ; n=7) (May ; n=1) Good matching: A May 97 Good to moderate: A Tai 118/87, ATai ASK 99, A Irn 96, A Sau 23/86, A Irn 87, 4164 and A Sau 95 Poor matching: A22 Irq 24/64 and A5925

30. FMDV serotype Asia1 Pakistan Only in Southern Asia r Value: Good matching : Asia1 Shamir 3/89 WBN 117/85 1% As1/PAK/1/54 As1/IND/63/72 [Y09949] As1/AFG/4/2001 As1/IRN/11/2001 As1/MAY/9/99 As1/TAI/5/96* As1/TAI/1/98 As1/Shamir/ISR/89 As1/LEB/83 [AJ294931] As1/BHU/27/2002 As1/BHU/34/2002 As1/MYA/2/2001 As1/BAN/2/96* As1/PAK/20/2003 As1/GRE/2/2000 As1/IRN/58/99 As1/PAK/69/2003 As1/PAK/30/2002 As1/PAK/31/2002 As1/PAK/34/2002 As1/PAK/33/2002 * Marquardt et al., 2000

31. FMDV serotype SAT1 Malawi Malawi (2000-2001) Namibia (2000) Zambia (2000) Zimbabwe (2003-2004) 1% SAT1/ISR/14/62 [AY593844] SAT1/ZAM/P2/96 LOC-25 [buffalo in Lochinvar National Park] SAT1/MAL/4/2000 SAT1/MAL/3/2000 SAT1/MAL/2/2000 SAT1/ZAM/3/2000 SAT1/MAL/1/2001 SAT1/MAL/2/2001 SAT1/ZIM/23/2003 SAT1/ZIM/P1/96 K13 [buffalo on Lubangwa Island, Kariba] SAT1/UGA/3/99 SAT1/UGA/7/99 SAT1/ZIM/5/99 SAT1/RV/11/37 [AY593839] SAT1/RHO/5/66 [AY593846] SAT1/SAR/34/00 [OVI] SAT1/SWL/1/00 [OVI] SAT1/SWL/4/00 [OVI] SAT1/SAR/1/00 [OVI] SAT1/SAR/2/00 [OVI] SAT1/SAR/3/00 [OVI] SAT1/SAR/4/00 [OVI] SAT1/SAR/8/00 [OVI] SAT1/BEC/1/48 [AY593838] SAT1/SA/13/61 [AY593842] SAT1/BOT/1/68 [Z98203] SAT1/SWA/40/61 [AY593843] SAT1/NAM/307/98 [OVI] SAT1/NAM/306/98 [OVI] SAT1/NAM/308/98 [OVI] SAT1/BOW/5/98 [OVI] SAT1/BOW/2/98 [OVI] SAT1/BOW/8/98 [OVI] SAT1/BOW/14/98 [OVI] SAT1/BOW/17/98 [OVI] SAT1/NMB/1/2000 SAT1/ZAM/4/2000 SAT1/SWA/1/49 [AY593840] SAT1/SA/2/58 [AY593841] SAT1/NAM/272/98 [OVI] SAT1/NAM/288/98 [OVI] SAT1/ZIM/P1/2004 [D19] SAT1/ZIM/P1/2004 [C10] SAT1/ZIM/P1/2004 [E45] SAT1+2/ZIM/5/2003 SAT1+2/ZIM/2/2003 SAT1/ZIM/4/2003 SAT1/ZIM/13/2003 SAT1/ZIM/21/2003 SAT1/ZIM/20/2003 Northern Zimbabwe South-east Zimbabwe Western Zimbabwe Namibia Zambia Zimbabwe

32. FMDV serotype SAT 2 Libya 1% SAT2/ANG/4/74 [AF479417] SAT2/KEN/3/57 [AJ251473] SAT2/RWA/1/2000 [AF367134] SAT2/RWA/1/2004 SAT2/UGA/4/2002 SAT2/UG 2/02/2 [OVI] SAT2/ZAI/1/82 [AF367100] SAT2/ERI/12/98 SAT2/CAR/P12/2000 -VDI 44/1 SAT2/SAU/6/2000 [AF367135] SAT2/LIB/1/2003 SAT2/LIB/7/2003 SAT2/GHA/10/74 [AF426068] SAT2/GHA/14/74 [AF426069] SAT2/GHA/25/73 SAT2/LBR/1/74B [AF426071] SAT2/GHA/8/91 [AF479416] SAT2/GHA/2/90 [AF479415] SAT2/NIG/13/91 [AF426090] SAT2/BOT/13/2002 SAT2/BOT/29/2002 SAT2/BOT/30/2002 SAT2/ZIM/2/2001 SAT2/ZIM/1/2001 ZIM/1/2001 [OVI] SAT2/ZIM/16/2002 SAT2/ZIM 1/02/2 [OVI] SAT2/ZIM/5/2002 SAT2/ZIM/7/2002 SAT2/ZIM 2/02/2 [OVI] SAT2/ZIM/6/2002 SAT2/ZIM 3/02/2 [OVI] SAT2/ZIM/7/83 [AF136607] SAT2/ZIM/13/2001 [OVI] SAT2/ZIM/8/2002 SAT2/ZIM/17/2002 SAT2/ZIM/9/2002 SAT2/ZIM 8/02/2 [OVI] SAT2/ZIM 4/02/2 [OVI] SAT2/ZIM 6/02/2 [OVI] SAT2/ZIM 5/02/2 [OVI] SAT2/ZIM 7/02/2 [OVI] SAT2/RHO/1/48 [Zambia] [AJ251475] SAT2/ZIM/11/2002 SAT2/ZIM/10/2002 SAT2/ZIM 9/02/2 [OVI] SAT2/ZIM 10/02/2 [OVI] SAT2/BUN/1/91 [AF367111] SAT2/KEN/2/2002 SAT2/MAL/1/2004 [OVI] SAT2/K52/84 [Kenya] SAT2/MAL/3/75 [AF367099] SAT2/MAL/1/2003 SAT2/MAL/2/2003 SAT2/MOZ/1/79 [AF367137] SAT2/MOZ/4/83 [AF367101] SAT2/ZIM/12/2002 SAT2/ZIM/15/2002 SAT2/ZIM/13/2002 SAT2/ZIM/14/2002 SAT2/ZIM/6/2003 SAT2/MOZ/1/2002 SAT2+SAT1/ZIM/5/2003 SAT2/ZIM/18/2003 SAT2/ZIM/22/2003 SAT2/ZIM/19/2003 SAT2/ZIM/16/2003 SAT2/ZIM/1/2003 SAT2/ZIM/9/2003 SAT2/ZIM/7/2003 SAT2+SAT1/ZIM/2/2003 SAT2/ZIM/3/2003 SAT2/ZIM/P1/2004 [A2761] SAT2/ZIM/17/2003 SAT2/ZIM/P1/2004 [B7] SAT2/ZIM/8/2003 SAT2/ZIM/14/2003 SAT2/ZIM/12/2003 SAT2/ZIM/18/2002 SAT2/ZIM/11/2003 SAT2/ZIM/15/2003 Western Zimbabwe West Africa Central, North & East Africa East Africa r Value matching Good: SAT 2 Sau 2000 Moderate: Zim 7/83 Botswana (2002) Libya (2003) Malawi (2003) Mozambique (2002) Rwanda (2004) Zimbabwe (2000-2004)

33. FMDV serotype SAT 2 Western Zimbabwe West Africa Central, North & East Africa East Africa Malawi 2003 Botswana 2002 Mozambique 2003 Botswana (2002) Libya (2003) Malawi (2003) Mozambique (2002) Rwanda (2004) Uganda (2002) Zimbabwe (2000-2004) Rwanda 2004 Uganda 2002

34. FMDV serotype SAT 2 Western Zimbabwe West Africa Central, North & East Africa East Africa Zimbabwe (Botswana) (Mozambique) Botswana (2002) Libya (2003) Malawi (2003) Mozambique (2002) Rwanda (2004) Zimbabwe (2000-2004)

35. PROVISIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE WRL ON FMD VIRUS STRAINS TO BE INCLUDED IN FMDV ANTIGEN BANKS 2003 High Priority O Manisa (covers panasian topotype) O BFS or Campos A24 Cruzeiro Asia 1 Shamir A Iran ‘96 SAT 2 Saudi Arabia (or equivalent) (not in order of importance) SAT 2 Zimbabwe A22 Iraq AIran 87 or A Saudi Arabia 23/86 (or equivalent) SAT 1 South Africa A Malaysia 97 (or Thai equivalent such as A/NPT/TAI/86) A Argentina 2001 O Taiwan 97 (pig-adapted strain or Philippine equivalent) A Iran ’99(not in order of importance) A15 Bangkok related strain A87 Argentina related strain A Eritrea 98 C Noville SAT 2 Kenya SAT 1 Kenya SAT 3 Zimbabwe A Kenya(not in order of importance) Medium Priority Low Priority

36. Objectives in FMD molecular epidemiology FAO WRL FMD At present: Global Surveillance of FMD: – trace the origins of outbreaks – monitor virus movement – study virus evolution Involvement in: –vaccine strain selection –development of analytical tools and new techniques –relate sequence changes to altered virological features (e.g. host tropism).

37. Strengths and Weakness Strengths: - Strategic position of Department of Exotic Disease Control: Regional Reference Laboratory for OIE World Reference Laboratory for FAO =>Free without vaccination that has experienced a recent outbreak - Samples from all around the world - Biggest archive of FMDVs (around 16 000 isolates), collected since 1920`s - “in house” competencies on different aspects of FMDV - Animal facilities to work on any new variant Weakness: - Difficulties to get samples and epidemiological information - Degree of genetic variation of FMDV - Processing and storage of data - Balance between service and research activities

38. Solutions to overcome problems and to have a better use of our strengths Technical problems - New set of primers - Combination of software to process sequences - Creation of a new database that will be linked to a website Collection of samples and Epidemiological information: - Contacts with countries as soon as disease is reported - Special agreement to get samples - EU Coordination project between reference laboratories (D.J. Paton) => improvement of our efficiency, relevance of the epidemiological data

40. Objective 1: Improvement of the tracing of FMD outbreaks - Development of genetic markers of FMD - Sequencing of complete VP1 gene from a higher number of isolates - Defining fingerprint by comparison of full FMDV genomes - Quasispecies - Global surveillance: - Mapping FMDV antigenic and genetic data - Combining phylogenetic information and epidemiological information (animal movements, animal value, subsidises, social events) => Making available the information in real time EU coordination project (D.J. Paton), collaboration with M. Thurmond (Davis, California, US) and others Molecular epidemiology in the future

41. Objective 2: development of alternative methods for vaccine strain selection. Investigation of the variability of CD4 + and CD8 + epitopes. - Alternative methods to evaluate the antigenic relationships between vaccine strains and field isolates: -Mathematical comparison of sequence variation (collaborations with Indian Immunologicals and D. Haydon, Glasgow University) -Bioinformatics model of the structure of the capsid based on sequence data (Application for a BBSRC studentships / collaboration with D. Stuart and E. Fry, Oxford University) - Study to evaluate degree of variability of CD4 + and CD8 + epitopes (collaboration with B. Charleston) Molecular epidemiology in the future

42. Objective 3: study of the viral mechanism that can be involve in the genetic diversity and evolution of FMDV - Rate of mutation between different serotype and its effect (O, A, C) - Existence of quasispecies in vivo (BBSRC Grant) - Evaluation of the importance of the recombination phenomenon. Molecular epidemiology in the future

43. -FMD is still active in many parts of the world (South America, Africa and Asia) -Serotype O / PanAsia strain is the most prevalent except in Africa. Serotype A has a high degree of sequence variation. Occurrence of Serotype C has to be confirmed. -Vaccine antigens recommendations reviewed at Gerzensee in 2003 seem to remain relevant. -WRL FMD makes efforts in improving and coordinating global surveillance of FMD Conclusions

44. Recommendations -Efforts must be made to share antigenic and genetic information between references laboratories. -Eradication of FMD in countries that apply to join EU -Handistatus II (OIE website): countries that report FMD outbreaks could precise which laboratory has confirmed the clinical suspicion and which technique was used. Any “event” must be confirmed by a Reference Laboratory and an epidemiological investigation must be carried out. -Global surveillance will be improved by a better coordination