Chapter 10 REVIEW cell growth and divison

1.Does an animal cell get larger because each cell increases in size or because it produces more cells? because it produces more cells 2. The larger a cell becomes, the more demands the cell places on its ______. DNA

3. Which macromolecule contains DNA? nucleic acids What are the base pairs of DNA? Adenine – Thymine Cytosine – Guanine What are the base pairs of RNA? Adenine- Uracil Cytosine – Guanine

4. In addition to DNA overload, the cell is limited because a large cell would have trouble moving enough nutrients and wastes across the ___________________. cell membrane 5. Which insoluble macromolecule makes up the bilayer of the cell membrane? lipids

6. What type of cellular transport requires ATP? Active Transport – low concentration to high concentration (against the concentration gradient) Endocytosis – moving materials into the cell Exocytosis – moving materials out of the cell

Active Transport

7. Before cell division occurs, what happens to the cells of DNA? it replicates (copied) 8. Describe the main difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote? prokaryotes (bacteria) no nucleus eukaryotes (plants & animals) nucleus

9. Between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which has a more complex process of cell division? Eukaryotes 10. The division of the nucleus is called __ mitosis 11. The division of the cytoplasm is called cytokinesis

12. Reproduction by mitosis is classified as ________. What kinds of organisms reproduce this way? Asexual -- Unicellular organisms 13. Mitosis is also the source of new cells when a multicellular organism grows and develops

14. In eukaryotic cells, the genetic information that is passed down from one generation to the next is carried by ____. chromosomes 15. Chromosomes are made up of DNA and Protein

16. What is the subunit (building block) of protein? amino acids What is the indicator & color change? biurets & violet 17. Human cells have _____ chromosomes 46

18.Figure 10-3 Each chromosome has two sister ____ attached at the ____. chromatids / centromere 19. The in-between period of growth is called _______. interphase

20. The cell cycle contains 4 phases. Mitosis and Cytokinesis take place in the __M___ phase. Chromosome replication, or synthesis, takes place in the __S__ phase. The G in the G1 and G2 phases stands for __gap___ but they are actually periods of __growth__ and __activity__.

21. A. G1 B. S C. G2 D. Prophase E. Metaphase F. Anaphase G. Telophase A,B,C = Interphase D,E,F,G = Mitosis

22. Biologists divide the events of Mitosis into 4 phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase 23. Do plant cells have centrioles? NO Which organelles are found only in plant cells? cell wall, chloroplast

24. What is the function of the spindle? it helps to separate the chromosomes 25. Cytokinesis usually occurs at the same time as ______________. telophase

26. Name 2 cells in the human body that DO NOT divide once they develop: muscle cells, nerve cells 27. Name 3 cells in the human body that grow and divide throughout life: skin cells, cells of the digestive tract, and bone marrow cells

27. When an injury such as a cut in the skin or break in the bone occurs, what happens to cells? The cells are stimulated to divide, starting the process of healing. What happens when the healing process nears completion? The rate of cell division slows down and controls on growth are restored.

28. The protein, ________, regulates the timing of the cell cycle. cyclin 29. Proteins that respond to events inside the cell are called internal regulators & ex: several internal regulatory proteins make sure a cell does not enter Mitosis until all its chromosomes have been replicated.

30. Proteins that respond to events outside the cell are called external regulators & ex: growth factors that stimulate growth division of cells – especially important in embryonic development and wound healing. 31. What happens when some of the body’s cells lose the ability to control growth? cancer

32. As a result of not responding to the signals that regulate cell growth, cancer cells divide uncontrollably and form masses called _______ that can damage surrounding tissues. tumors 33. An astonishing number of cancer cells have defects in a gene called ______ P53

34.Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase or Telophase Prophase - the chromosomes become visible -The centrioles separate and take up positions on opposite sides of the nucleus -The nucleolus disappears and the nuclear envelope breaks down

Metaphase -The chromosomes line up across the center of the cell -Microtubules connect the centromere of each chromosome to the poles of the spindle Anaphase -The centromeres that join the sister chromatids split, allowing the sister chromatids to separate and become individual chromosomes. -This phase ends when the chromosomes stop moving.

Telophase -The chromosomes which were distinct and condensed, begin to disperse into a tangle of dense material. -The nuclear envelope reforms, the spindle breaks apart, and the nucleolus becomes visible in each daughter cell.

1.Interphase

2.

3.

4. Anaphase

5. Telophase

6. Cytokinesis

PMAT

Mitosis Video /student_view0/chapter2/animation__how _the_cell_cycle_works.html