The Anthropology of Magic, Witchcraft, and Religion The Structures of Religion

“How does one recognize a religion? Why does one say that certain behavior is religious? The answer lies in the fundamental pattern, or structure, which the layman and the ethnographer alike recognize when they look at a society and which, whenever it is found, is called ‘religious,’ despite the manifold diversity of its forms.” Anthony F.C. Wallace Religion: An Anthropological View 1966, page 52

13 categories of religious behavior 1.prayer 2.music 3.physiological exercises 4.exhortation 5.reciting the code 6.simulation 7. mana 8. taboo 9. feasts 10. sacrifice 11. congregation 12. inspiration 13. symbolism … the “smallest religious things” of a society

rituals composed of varying numbers and sequences of the 13 categories of religious behavior two basic types calendrical non-calendrical

calendrical rituals occur on a regular schedule related to an event in some natural cycle day and night lunar phases solar cycles positions of planets almost always communal attend to regularly occurring needs of the group

non-calendrical rituals usually performed on occasions of crisis often follow a life cycle calendar birth circumcision marriage death may or may not be communal

beliefs provide the justification for the rituals two components cosmology pantheon (list of supernatural beings) myths (narratives which tell of events in the careers of supernatural beings) substantive beliefs (about planes of existence and the relations of causes and effects) values

rituals, together with the beliefs that substantiate them, form cult institutions: “a set of rituals all having the same general goal, all explicitly rationalized by a set of similar or related beliefs, and all supported by the same social group.”

the “religion” of a society consists of multiple cult institutions not all of these cult institutions are equal in importance each cult institution is more or less autonomous with regard to its beliefs rituals history cult institutions may influence one another

“American religion” 1.the organized denominations of an area Christian Jewish Moslem Hindu Buddhist Ba’hai Sikh etc.

“American religion” 2.the “religio-political” cult non-denominational theistic used to rationalize and sanction political, military, and other secular institutions expressed in Pledge of Allegiance (“One nation, under God”) currency (“In God We Trust”) has its own rituals and beliefs

“American religion” 3.“superstitions” good and bad luck “what goes around comes around” “justice will prevail” “on a roll” black cats, breaking mirrors, spilling salt, etc.

“American religion” 4.children’s cult sanctioned by parents believed only by children Christmas (Santa Claus) Easter (Easter Bunny) Halloween

a society’s “religion” NOT a a summative notion with one single unifying, coherent set of rituals and beliefs which all members follow equally but RATHER a loosely related group of cult institutions plus other, less well-organized special practices and beliefs

types of cult institutions 1.individualistic 2.shamanic 3.communal 4.ecclesiastical 1.Olympian 2.monotheistic

individualistic cult institutions not performed by specialists each person enters into his or her own relationship with supernatural entities requires no intermediaries examples: vision quests hunting magic “luck” “children’s cult

shamanic cult institutions involve part-time practitioners involves simplest expression of religious division of labor examples: shamans proper diviners medicine men palm readers astrologers

communal cult institutions led by groups of laity who only occasionally carry out their cult roles are organized via a bureaucratic structure are not full-time specialists in these duties examples: puberty rituals ancestor ceremonies political functions (U.S.)

ecclesiastical cult institutions most complex type feature a professional clergy who are organized in a manner similar to the military, political, and economic institutions of the society clergy undergo a formal training clergy are formally elected or appointed

ecclesiastical cult institutions clergy are full-time religious specialists clergy is exclusively responsible for performing certain rituals on behalf of individuals, groups, or the whole community clergy may claim authority over laity

ecclesiastical cult institutions Olympian Polytheistic a hierarchy of supernatural entities, each with a more or less independent character Monotheistic all supernatural entities are Either subordinate to, or simply manifestations of one Supreme Being