DO NOW Which rocks are made from sediment? Which rocks are made from sediment? Which rocks are made from magma? Which rocks are made from magma? Which rock type can make metamorphic rock? Which rock type can make metamorphic rock? What are rocks made of? What are rocks made of?

Minerals Objective(s): Distinguish between elemental and compound minerals Distinguish between elemental and compound minerals List the criteria for being considered a mineral List the criteria for being considered a mineral List the physical and chemical properties used to identify minerals List the physical and chemical properties used to identify minerals

Atoms Building blocks for all materials on Earth Building blocks for all materials on Earth –3 components: Protons Neutrons Electrons

Elements Atoms combine to form elements Atoms combine to form elements –Can’t be broken down by chemical means

Minerals Elements combine to form MINERALS Elements combine to form MINERALS AtomsElements Minerals

Mineral Criteria Naturally Occurring Naturally Occurring –Not man-made Inorganic Inorganic –Not made from living things or the remains of them Solid Solid –Definite size and shape Definite Chemical Composition Definite Chemical Composition –Quartz = SiO 2 Crystalline Structure Crystalline Structure –Atoms arranged in repeating patterns

A Mineral is Born – 2 Ways The cooling of magma. The cooling of magma. –As magma cools, atoms migrate together and form different compounds. The slower magma cools, the larger the crystal formation The slower magma cools, the larger the crystal formation The faster magma cools, the smaller the crystal formation. The faster magma cools, the smaller the crystal formation. Slow cooling = Large crystals Fast cooling = Small crystals

A Mineral is Born – 2 Ways Minerals can precipitate out of a solution Minerals can precipitate out of a solution –When water is saturated with dissolved solids and can’t hold any more, the extra falls out of the solution. Saturated Solution Salt Water – Salt is completely dissolved Salt Water – Salt particles are floating Water can’t hold anymore salt, the extra settles to the bottom

Mineral Composition Elemental Elemental –Composed of only 1 element Compound Compound –Composed of 2 or more elements Graphite (C)Copper (Cu)Gold (Au)Diamond (C)

Identifying Minerals Mineral Properties are determined by their “internal arrangement of atoms” Mineral Properties are determined by their “internal arrangement of atoms” Different Arrangements Different Properties = Graphite Diamond BOTH ARE MADE OF CARBON!

Do Now List each type of rock and describe properties of each. List each type of rock and describe properties of each. Take out the lab from last Thursday. Take out the lab from last Thursday. Describe the rock cycle. Describe the rock cycle.

DO NOW What criteria defines a mineral? What criteria defines a mineral? Naturally occurring Naturally occurring Inorganic Inorganic Solid Solid Definite chemical composition Definite chemical composition Crystalline structure Crystalline structure

Mineral Properties Physical Properties 1.Color 2.Streak 3.Luster 4.Hardness 5.Cleavage/Fracture 6.Density Chemical Properties 1.Magnetism 2.Reaction to Acid

Physical Properties 1. COLOR –Most visible property of a mineral One mineral can have many colors Different minerals have similar colors Unreliable when used alone!!! Why?

Colors of Quartz

2.STREAK Color of a mineral in its powder form Color of a mineral in its powder form STREAK MAY BE DIFFERENT THAN THE MINERAL COLOR

Varieties of Hematite – all same color streak

3. LUSTER How light is reflected off of the surface of a mineral How light is reflected off of the surface of a mineral Two types Two types –Metallic Shines like brightly polished METAL Shines like brightly polished METAL –Non-metallic Glassy, dull, earthy, pearly Glassy, dull, earthy, pearly

Examples of Metallic Luster GALENA PYRITE GRAPHITE

Examples of Non-Metallic Luster QUARTZ FELDSPAR

4. HARDNESS The resistance ability of a mineral when scratched The resistance ability of a mineral when scratched THE SOFTER THE MINERAL, THE EASIER IT IS TO SCRATCH Higher numbers will scratch lower numbers

Physical Properties 5. CLEAVAGE AND FRACTURE Cleavage Cleavage –Breaks in a pattern Fracture Fracture –Splits unevenly into irregular pieces with rough and jagged edges

FLUORITE HALITE Halite (NaCl) Fluorite (CaF 2 ) Cleavage – due to weak bonds in the crystal structure

BIOTITE MUSCOVITE

Rose Quartz –Fracture

Fracture - Quartz Obsidian

Chemical Properties 1. MAGNETISM Magnetic elements found within magnetite Magnetic elements found within magnetite –Ex – Iron (Fe) in Magnetite

2. Fizzing with HCl (Hydrochloric Acid) Some minerals react with acid to form bubbles Some minerals react with acid to form bubbles –Ex – Calcite and Dolomite CAN TELL THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HALITE AND CALCITE

The diagram below shows a method for determining a physical property of a mineral. The results are shown for two minerals, galena and calcite. Which property of the galena and calcite is indicated by the color of the powder each leaves on the ceramic tile? (1) streak (2) hardness (3) reaction to an acid (4) reaction to a solvent

The diagram below shows a penny scratching the surface of the mineral calcite. Which physical property of the calcite is being tested? (1) streak (3) melting point (2) hardness (4) reaction to acid

A chemical property of a mineral is evident if the mineral (1) breaks easily when struck with a hammer (2) bubbles when acid is placed on it (3) is easily scratched by a fingernail (4) reflects light from its surface