ELAINE N. MARIEB EIGHTH EDITION 3 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY PART A Cells and Tissues

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Tissues  Cells are specialized for particular functions  Tissues: Groups of cells with similar structure and function  Four primary types:  Epithelium  Connective tissue  Nervous tissue  Muscle

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Epithelium Epithelial Tissue  Body linings, glands  Use: protection, absorption, filtration, secretion  Cells fit closely together  Basement membrane  Avascular- no blood supply  Regenerates if nourished Figure 3.17a

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Epithelium Epithelium Classification:  Shape of cells  Squamous: flattened  Cuboidal: cube-shaped  Columnar: column-like  Number of layers Simple: one layer Stratified: >1 one layer Figure 3.17b

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Epithelium  Simple squamous epithlium  Single layer of flat cells  Usually forms membranes  Lines body cavities  Lines lungs and capillaries Figure 3.18a

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Epithelium  Simple cuboidal epithelium  Single layer of cube-like cells  Common in glands and their ducts  Forms walls of kidney tubules  Covers the ovaries Figure 3.18b

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Epithelium  Simple columnar epithelium  Single layer of tall cells  Includes goblet cells, which produce mucus  Lines digestive tract Figure 3.18c

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Epithelium  Pseudostratified Epithelium  Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others, so it looks like 2 layers  Sometimes ciliated, such as in the respiratory tract  May function in absorption or secretion Figure 3.18d

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stratified Epithelium  Stratified squamous epithelium  Cells at the free edge are flattened  Found as a protective covering where friction is common  Locations  Skin  Mouth  Esophagus Figure 3.18e

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stratified Epithelium  Stratified cuboidal epithelium  Two layers of cuboidal cells  Stratified columnar epithelium  Surface cells are columnar, cells underneath vary in size and shape  Stratified cuboidal and columnar epithelium  Rare in human body  Found mainly in ducts of large glands

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stratified Epithelium  Transitional epithelium  Shaped to stretch  Lines urinary system organs Glandular epithelium:  Endocrine gland:  Ductless, secrete into blood  Secretions are hormones  Exocrine gland:  Empty through ducts to the epithelial surface  Include sweat and oil glands Figure 3.18f

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Connective Tissue – most abundant tissue  Binds body tissues together  Supports the body  Provides protection  Some well vascularized (blood supply), some avascular (poor or no blood supply)  Extracellular matrix  Non-living material that surrounds cells  Ground substance – mostly water and proteins  Fibers: Collagen, Elastic, Reticular fibers

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types Connective Tissue  Bone (osseous tissue)  Bone cells in lacunae (cavities)  Hard matrix of calcium  Large number of collagen fibers  Used to protect and support the body Figure 3.19a

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types Connective Tissue  Hyaline cartilage  Most common cartilage  Abundant collagen fibers  Rubbery matrix  Entire fetal skeleton is hyaline cartilage Figure 3.19b

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types Connective Tissue  Elastic cartilage  Provides elasticity  Found in nose, ear  Fibrocartilage  Very compressible  Forms cushion- like discs between vertebrae Figure 3.19c

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types  Dense connective tissue  Mainly collagen fibers  Cells are fibroblasts  Found in:  Tendons – attach muscle to bone  Ligaments – attach bone to bone Figure 3.19d

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types  Areolar connective tissue  Most widely distributed connective tissue  Soft, pliable tissue  Contains all fiber types  Can soak up excess fluid Figure 3.19e

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.19f Connective Tissue Types  Adipose connective tissue  An areolar tissue in which fat globules predominate  Large lipid deposits  Functions  Insulates the body  Protects some organs  Site of fuel storage

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types  Reticular connective tissue  Delicate network of fibers  Forms stroma (internal supporting network) of lymphoid organs  Lymph nodes  Spleen  Bone marrow Figure 3.19g

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types Connective Tissue  Blood  Cells surrounded by fluid matrix  Fibers are visible during clotting  Transports materials like O, CO, waste Figure 3.19h

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscle Tissue  Function is to produce movement  Three types:  Skeletal muscle  Cardiac muscle  Smooth muscle

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscle Tissue Types  Skeletal muscle  Voluntary control  Cells are striated (striped)  Cells have more than one nucleus Figure 3.20a

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscle Tissue Types  Cardiac muscle  Found only in the heart  Involuntary control  Cells attached to other cells at intercalated disks  Cells are striated (striped)  One nucleus per cell Figure 3.20b

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscle Tissue Types  Smooth muscle tissue  Involuntary muscle  Surrounds hollow organs  No visible striations (stripes)  One nucleus per cell Figure 3.20c

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervous Tissue  Neurons and nerve support cells  Function: send impulses to other areas of the body  Irritability  Conductivity Figure 3.21

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tissue Repair  Regeneration:  Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells  Fibrosis:  Repair by dense fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue)  Depends on  Type of tissue damaged  Severity of the injury

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Events in Tissue Repair Steps in Tissue Repair  Capillaries become very permeable (open)  Clotting proteins released  Wall off injured area  Where clot meets air, scab forms  Formation of fragile pink granulation tissue  Regeneration of surface epithelium  Scab detaches and falls off

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regeneration of Tissues  Tissues that regenerate easily  Epithelial tissue  Fibrous connective tissue and bone  Tissues that regenerate poorly  Skeletal muscle  Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue  Cardiac muscle  Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Developmental Aspects of Tissue  Most cells undergo cell division until end of puberty. After puberty only certain cells routinely divide such as skin, intestinal cells  Heart muscle and nervous tissue lose ability to divide  With age tissues thin, skin loses elasticity, glands become less active; bones weaken, tissue repair slows, muscles atrophy (decrease in size)  Neoplasm: mass of cells, can be benign or malignant  Hyperlasia: tissues or organs enlarge