 REVISION ANSWERED

 ANATOMY

ANATOMICAL MOVEMENT JOINT NAME JOINT MOVEMENT NAME OF AGONIST NAME OF ANTAGONIST ANKLEPlantar FlexionGastrocnemiusTibialis anterior KNEEFlexion to ExtensionQuadricepsHamstrings ELBOWFlexion to ExtensionTricepsBiceps

BODY TYPES ECTOMORPHMESOMORPHENDOMORPH Tall and slenderMuscular and athleticRound, smooth body Little muscleEnduranceHigh proportion of fat BasketballAthleticsPower Lifting

KNEE MOVEMENT  The knee joint is a synovial hinge joint which permits flexion and extension with the help of antagonistic muscles (muscles that work together to produce movement). When flexed, the agonist muscle (prime mover) is the hamstrings, and the antagonist muscle is the quadriceps. When the joint is extended, the agonist muscle is the quadriceps and the antagonist is the hamstrings. When the knee joint is nearly at full extension, the antagonist muscle (hamstrings) slowly contracts to the control the movement. This control can save the knee from overextension and injury.

 BIOMECHANICS

STABILITY  A sumo wrestler can make themselves balanced by adjusting their body position in relation to three main principles of stability. The base of support is the area in which they are in contact with the ground. The centre of gravity is the point in which all parts of the body are equally balanced (when standing it usually sits around the navel but can fall outside of the body). The line of gravity runs down through the centre of gravity and falls inside the base of support in a balanced position. A sumo wrestler can become more balanced by widening their stance to increase their base of support, bending their knees to lower their centre of gravity and trying to have their line of gravity fall within the base of support.

FORCE SUMMATION  Force summation is the sum of all forces generated by muscle groups in order to produce a maximum force. There are three key principles that need to be considered in order to generate a maximum force; correct sequence (using larger muscles first and smaller muscles last), using the greatest number of muscle groups and timing. A tennis player uses force summation to serve by stepping forward to generate the power in their legs first. This power then gets transferred through the muscles in the torso and into the arm by the extending upwards (or jump) and then the smaller muscles in the arm use the generated force to slam through the ball. The force behind a serve that only uses the arm muscles would not be as fast or forceful.

NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION  LAW # 1 : INERTIA  An object at rest, will remain at rest, and an object in motion will remain in motion unless acted upon by an external force  After a football has been kicked, it will keep moving until a force acts upon it. This force could be friction along the ground, or gravity and air resistance in the air.

NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION  LAW # 2 : ACCELERATION  F = MA The greater the mass, the greater the amount of force needed to accelerate an object  If I applied the same force to a netball pass as I did to passing a medicine ball, the netball pass would go further as the mass of the ball is lighter. To produce the same distance, my force for the medicine ball would need to be greater.

NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION  LAW # 3 : ACTION / REACTION  For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction  When cycling, my action is to exert a force against the pedals. The equal and opposite reaction is for the pedals to exert the same force against my feet. It is this that propels the bike forward.

 EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

SHORT TERM/LONG TERM RESPONSES BODY SYSTEMSHORT TERM RESPONSELONG TERM ADAPTATION RESPIRATORY Breathing increases Thoracic cavity increases in size Increased VO 2 max Respiratory muscles increase in strength CIRCULATORY Heart rate increases Stroke volume increases Blood pressure increases Cardiac muscle hypertrophy Decreased resting heart rate Decreased blood pressure MUSCULAR Body ATP stores are depleted More oxygen is transported to the muscles Muscular hypertrophy Glycogen stores increase

ENERGY SYSTEMS AEROBIC ENERGYANAEROBIC ENERGY To exercise aerobically, means to exercise with oxygen. Low intensity Long duration The aerobic system will become the predominant energy after about 2 minutes of exercise. This is because the bodies ATP stores have been depleted and the heart is beginning to pump more blood and O 2 around the body and to the muscles being used. Sporting examples: long, endurance type sports – running, cycling, swimming To exercise anaerobically means to exercise without oxygen. High intensity Short duration The anaerobic energy system is the predominant energy system for the first 2 minutes of exercise. During this time the ATP stores in the muscles will be depleted, the ATP- PC system will resynthesise ATP for up to 20 seconds and then the lactic acid system will become the predominant system. The lactic acid system breaks down glucose to make energy (ATP) however lactic acid starts to build up in the muscles and harm performance. This is when the aerobic system becomes the predominant system. Sporting examples: short, explosive movements – shot put, high jump, sprinting