1. Miss Hillemann College Prep Biology Neshaminy High School
KingDom Animalia
Miss Hillemann
College Prep Biology
Neshaminy High School

2. Comparisons of kingdoms in Domain Eukarya

3. What is an Animal? Four key characteristics: Eukaryotic.
Lack cell walls.
Multicellular
Heterotrophs that ingest food.

4. Invertebrates & vertebrates
Invertebrates: animals without backbones
95% of animals
Most live in aquatic or moist terrestrial habitats
Examples: sea stars, jellyfish, snails, clams, insects, and worms
Vertebrates: animals with backbones
Mainly terrestrial, but also live in marine and freshwater habitats
Examples: fishes, frogs, snakes, dogs, humans

5. Animal life Cycle
Adult male and female animals produce haploid gametes by meiosis
Fertilization: an egg and a sperm fuse to form a diploid zygote
zygote undergoes mitosis
First several cell divisions leads to a blastula in all animals
Typically consists of a single layer of cells surrounding a hollow cavity

6. Animal life Cycle
Later, in many animals, one side of blastula folds inward to form a gastrula.
Has an outer and an inner cell layer
Many animals then develop directly into adults.
Others (i.e. sea star) go through one or more larval stages
Larva: immature form of an animal that looks different from the adult forms and usually eats different food.
Larva undergoes metamorphosis to become an adult.

7. Life Cycle of a Sea Star

8. Chapter 23
Invertebrate Animals

9. IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY
Coelom: fluid-filled body cavity that is lined by tissue
Coleomates: have a coelom
Acoelomates: lack a coelom
Closed Circulatory System: blood remains contained within vessels
Open Circulatory System: blood vessels open into chambers where the organs are bathed directly in blood

10. PHYLUM PORIFERA (SPONGES)
Simplest animals.
Lack true tissues and organs
Relatively unspecialized cells
No body symmetry
Adults are sessile—anchored in place
Chemical defenses

11. PHYLUM CNIDARIA (CNIDARIANS)
Radial symmetry
Basic tissues.
Slow-moving or sessile
Tentacles with stinging cells (cnidocytes)
The mouth leads into a digestive sac called the gastrovascular cavity.
Undigested food and wastes exit back through the mouth

13. DIVERSITY OF CNIDARIANS
2 body forms:
Polyp: cylindrical body with tentacles radiating from one end.
Sessile
Examples: hydras, sea anemones
Medusa: umbrella-shaped form with fringes of tentacles around the lower edge
Examples: jellyfish
Some cnidarian life cycles include both a medusa and a polyp stage.

14. PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES (FLATWORMS)
Bilateral symmetry
Three tissue layers:
Ectoderm body covering
Mesoderm tissue layer
Endoderm  digestive sac.
Gastrovascular cavity
Food enters and wastes leaves from one opening on bottom surface
Ex: flukes, tapeworms, planarians
Bilateral Symmetry

15. PHYLUM NEMATODA (ROUNDWORMS)
Round body
No segments
Complete digestive tract with 2 openings: a mouth and an anus
Very diverse--15,000 species
Ex: rotifers, hookworm, pinworm, threadworm

16. ANNELIDS
Round body
Segmented
Closed circulatory system
acoelomates

17. PHYLUM MOLLUSCA (MOLLUSKS)
Soft body protected by a hard shell
Mantle: Muscular foot
coelomates
Open circulatory system
Ex: land snails, slugs, clams, oysters, mussels, scallops, squids, octopuses

18. PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA (ECHINODERMS)
Lack body segments
Rough and spiny surface
Water vascular system: network of water-filled canals
Tube feet: function in locomotion, feeding, and respiration
Larvae bilateral symmetry, Adults radial symmetry
Examples: sea urchins, sea stars, brittle stars, sea lilies, sea cucumbers, sea daisies

19. PHYLUM ARTHROPODA (ARTHROPODS)
Segmented bodies
Jointed appendages
Exoskeleton (hard external skeleton) of protein and chitin
As it grows, it sheds its exoskeleton and secretes a new one (molting)
Open circulatory system
Ex: insects, crustaceans, spiders

20. Chapter 24
VERTEBRATE ANIMALS

21. FISHES 2 main groups: aquatic Sexual reproduction 2-chambered heart
Cartilaginous: flexible skeleton made of cartilage
Bony: skeletons contain bone hardened by calcium compounds
aquatic
Sexual reproduction
2-chambered heart
gills

22. AMPHIBIANS
Larval stage (tadpoles) lives in water, while adult stage lives on land
Gills as larva, lungs and moist skin in adults
Sexual reproduction
3-chambered heart
Ex: frogs, salamanders, caecilians (legless and blind)

23. REPTILES
Amniotes: amniotic egg (waterproof egg with a shell), internal fertilization, and water-tight skin
Most lay eggs, though some give birth to live young
Ectotherms: main source of body heat is external environment
Scaly skin
Ex: turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, alligators

24. BIRDS Specialized wing shape and hollow bones for flight Feathers
Endotherms: body heat generated from cell metabolism
Gizzards: muscular organ that grinds seeds and other food
4-chambered heart
Sexual reproduction

25. MAMMALS Endotherms Mammary glands: produce milk in female mammals
Hair or fur
Lungs
Sexual reproduction
4-chambered heart
Ex: deer, wolves, elephants, giraffes, tigers, dogs, cats, humans

26. MONOTREMES Mammals that lay eggs
Mixture of ancestral reptilian traits and mammalian characteristics
Ex: platypuses, echidnas
Platypus