1. The Animal Kingdom

2. Phylogenetic Tree
branching diagram or "tree" showing the inferred evolutionary relationships among various biological species

3. Define phylogenic tree-explain why scientists use them.

4. ~General Characteristics ~
Multicellular-made up of more than one type of cell
Eukaryotic – Cells contain a Nucleus
Heterotrophs – Eat other organisms for a source of food and energy.

5. ~General Characteristics ~
Invertebrate- Does NOT possess or develop a vertebral column (backbone), derived from the notochord

6. Vertebrate- Developes a vertebral column (backbone) from the notochord

7. Hydrostatic Skeleton: Water supported skeleton
Exoskeleton: hard outer covering made of chitin
Endoskeleton: Made of bone or cartilage, inside of the body

8. Body Cavity- fluid-filled space located between an animal’s outer covering (epidermis), and the outer lining of the gut cavity, where internal organs develop

9. 1. Acoelomates – animals have 3 tissue layers with a digestive tract but no body cavities.

10. 2. Pseudocoelomates – animals with a fluid-filled body cavity between the endoderm & mesoderm

11. 3. Coelomates – animals with a body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm.
They have space for internal organs to attach

12. ~ Characteristics ~
Most animals develop from a zygote or “fertilized egg.” The zygote goes through a series of cellular divisions to form a Blastula – a hollow ball of cells.

13. ~ Developmental Characteristics ~
These cells will form into 3 tissue layers by a process called gastrulation:
Ectoderm, a layer of cells on the outer surface of the gastrula
Endoderm, a layer of cells lining the inner surface of the gastrula
Mesoderm, made up of two layers of cells lying between the ectoderm and endoderm – middle layer

14. ~General Characteristics ~
Bilateral Symmetry
Radial Symmetry
Asymmetrical Symmetry

16. Open Circulatory System
the blood flows from the heart through open-ended vessels into sinuses where it bathes the tissues inside the cavity. This is how gas exchange occurs. 

17. Closed Circulatory System
The blood of a closed system always flows inside vessels and is pumped around the entire body for gas and nutrient exchange.

18. 9 Phyla of the Kingdom Animalia

20. ~Invertebrates~ 8 main phyla No backbones
Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Annelida
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Echinoderm
No backbones
95% of all animals are in this group

21. ~Invertebrate Phylum Porifera~pg 705-709
Pores (holes) all over body
Example: Tube Sponge, Glass Sponge, Sea Sponge
Do not move around (sessile)
Most live in marine environments
No symmetry (asymmetrical)

22. Phylum Porifera~ Hollow bodied
Filter Feeders: a sponge has one opening and filters water to find particles of food
Asexual Reproduction: fragmentation thru budding.
Sexual Reproduction: hermaphrodites

23. ~Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria~ pg 710-715
Live in marine environments
Most have cnidocytes- stinging tentacles that they use to capture their prey.
Each stinging cell has a nematocyst that holds the tube containing the poison and barbs
Examples: Jellyfish, Hydra, sea anemones, and corals

24. Phylum Cnidaria~ Have radial symmetry
They have one opening for hunting food in and expelling waste
2 body shapes: polyp and medusa.

25. Phylum Cnidaria~ They can reproduce asexually by budding & sexually by producing sperm and egg.

26. ~Invertebrate Flat worms – Phylum Platyhelminthes pg 726-730
Thin, flat bodies, single opening for mouth & anus, no body cavities (acoelomates)
Bilateral symmetry
Planaria can reproduce sexually because they are hermaphrodites or asexually by regeneration.

27. Free living worms feed on dead or slow moving organisms
Parasitic worms have hooks and suckers which enable them to attach to their hosts.
Ex: Planaria, Schistosoma (fluke), tapeworm

28. ~Invertebrate Round Worms- Phylum Nematoda pg 731-736
Round bodies, fluid filled body cavitiy (mouth-tube-anus) pseudocoelomates
Bilateral symmetry and are cylindrical
Examples:
Trichinosis pg 733
Hookworms pg 734
Ascariasis
Pinworms
Elephantiasis pg 735
Heartworms

29. ~Invertebrate Phylum Mollusca ~ pg 737-744
Mollusca “Soft internal bodies” (no shells) Ex: octopus, slugs, squids.
Bilateral symmetry
Coelomates-digestive track with 2 openings
Mantle-surrounds the internal organs of mollusks with shells. Ex: clams, snails
Live on land or in water

30. Phylum Mollusca
Radula-located in a mollusks mouth it is a tongue-like organ lines with rows of teeth used for feeding.
Most aquatic species reproduce sexually- fertilization occurs externally
Those that live on land are hermaphrodites and fertilization is internal.
Most mollusks have an open circulatory system
Squids have a major evolutionary adaptation of a closed circulatory system.

31. Examples Snails Slugs

32. Clams Octopus
5.Squid

33. ~Invertebrate Segmented worms- Phylum Annelida pg 726-730
“ringed worms””segmented”
Coelomates, body cavity with 2 openings
-mouth-crop-esophagus-stomach-intestines-anus
Bilateral symmetry
Examples: Earthworm, marine worms, parasitic leeches

34. ~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda ~762-781
Characteristics:
segmented invertebrates
bilateral symmetry
coelomate body cavity.
largest group of organisms on earth, 70-85% of all animal species.

35. Phylum Arthropoda ~762-781 3 features of this phylum
Segmentation-Body divided into sections
Have Exoskeleton – tough external covering made of Chitin that protects & supports the body of many invertebrates. Page 763
Jointed Appendages

36. Phylum Arthropoda ~ Respire by way of: page 766-767
Gills-aquatic arthropods
tracheal tubes- terrestrial arthropods
book lungs- some arthropods including spiders
Circulation: Open Circulatory System

37. Examples
1. Spiders
2. Insects
3. Millipedes & Centipedes

38. 5. Crabs
6. Shrimp
7. Lobster

39. ~Invertebrate Phylum Echinodermata ~792-801
Echinoderm= “spiny skin”
Marine animals
Have an endoskeleton
Radial symmetry

40. ~Invertebrate Phylum Echinodermata ~
Examples: seastar, sea urchin, sand dollar and sea cucumber

41. Vertebrates
NOT finished

42. ~Vertebrate Phylum Chordata ~803-807
Early ancestral invertebrate chordates believed to be more closely related to vertebrates than any other invertebrate.
Ex: lancelets, and tunicates
4 Characteristics shared by all Chordates: pg
Notochord
Postanal tail
Dorsal tubular nerve cord
Pharyngeal pouches

43. ~ Vertebrate ~ Phylum Chordata ~pg 803-807
5 classes
Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals

44. ~Vertebrate Phylum Chordata ~ Class Fish 821-833
Live in seas, lakes, ponds, streams, marshes, oceans
Characteristics of Fish:
Vertebrate
Jaws
Paired fins
Scales
Gills
Single-loop Closed Circulation
Sexual Reproduction-external fertilization

45. ~Vertebrate Phylum Chordata ~ Class Fish 821-833
Classes of Fish
Pg 828 Myxini- “Jawless fish”- hagfish, lamprey
Pg 829 Chondrichthyes- “Cartilaginous fish” – sharks, skates, rays
Pg 831 Osteichthyes “bony fish”- ray finned fish, lobed fish

46. ~Vertebrate Phylum Chordata ~ Class Amphibians 835-841
Characteristics of Amphibians:
Most begin life as aquatic organisms
Thru metamorphosis they become equipped to survive life on land.
Most have 4 legs
Moist skin
No scales
Gas exchange occurs thru skin or lungs
ectotherm
Double-loop closed circulatory system
Sexual reproduction-external fertilization

47. ~Vertebrate Phylum Chordata ~ Class Amphibians 835-841
Examples: pages
Frogs
Toads
Salamanders
Newts
Worm-like Caecilians

48. ~Vertebrate Phylum Chordata ~ Class Reptiles 852-860
Characteristics of Reptiles:
Vertebrate
Amniotic shelled eggs
Scaly skin
Lungs for gas exchange
Ectotherm
Closed Circulation- lungs take in oxygen from lungs and it enters the circulatory system.
Sexual Reproduction-internal fertilization

49. ~Vertebrate Phylum Chordata ~ Class Reptiles
Examples:
Lizards
Snakes
Turtles
Crocodiles
Alligators
Tuataras

50. ~Vertebrate Phylum Chordata ~ Class Birds 861-869
Characteristics of Birds:
Vertebrate
Amniotic shelled eggs
Feathers
Lungs for gas exchange
Endotherms
Closed Circulation- lungs take in oxygen from lungs and it enters the circulatory system.
4 chambered heart
Sexual Reproduction-internal fertilization

51. ~Vertebrate Phylum Chordata ~ Class Birds 861-869
Examples: pg 867 see the chart

52. ~Vertebrate Phylum Chordata ~ Class Mammals 880-897
Characteristics of Mammals:
Vertebrate
Mammary glands
Hair
Amniotic eggs
Live birth
Lungs for gas exchange
Endotherm
Closed Circulation- lungs take in oxygen where it enters the circulatory system.
4 chambered heart
Sexual Reproduction-internal fertilization