1. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.1 Chapter 9 Water Balance

2. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.2 Lesson 9.1 Chapter 9

3. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.3 Key Concepts Water compartments inside and outside cells maintain a balanced distribution of total body water. The concentration of various solute particles in water determines internal shifts and movement of water.

4. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.4 Key Concepts, cont’d A state of dynamic equilibrium among all parts of the body’s water balance system sustains life.

5. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.5 Basic Principles A unified whole –Virtually every space inside and outside the cells is filled with water-based fluids Body water compartments –Dynamic systems within the body –Intracellular or extracellular Particles in the water solution –Determine all internal shifts and balances between compartments

6. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.6 Homeostasis Body’s state of dynamic balance Capacity of the body to maintain life systems despite what enters the system from outside Homeostatic mechanisms protect the body’s water supply

7. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.7 Body Water Functions Solvent –Basic liquid solvent for all chemical processes within the body Transport –Nutrients carried through the body in water- based fluids (e.g., blood, secretions) Thermoregulation –Maintains stable body temperature Body lubricant

8. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.8 Body Water Requirements Surrounding environment –Body water is lost as sweat and must be replaced Activity level –Water is lost as sweat –More water is needed for increased metabolic demand in physical activity Functional losses –Disease process affects water requirements

9. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.9 Body Water Requirements, cont’d Metabolic needs –1000 ml of water necessary for every 1000 kcal in the diet Age –Infants need 700 to 800 ml of water per day

10. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.10 Fluid Compartments

11. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.11 Adequate Intake of Water

12. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.12 Other Dietary Factors Dehydration –>2% total body weight loss –Special concern in the elderly Water intoxication –Those at risk: Infants Psychiatric patients Patients on psychotropic drugs Endurance athletes

13. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.13 Percentage of Body Weight Loss

14. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.14 Body Water Amount and Distribution Extracellular fluid –Total body water outside cells –One quarter of extracellular fluid is blood plasma –Three quarters is water surrounding cells and bathing tissues, water in dense tissue, and water moving through the body as secretions –Interstitial fluid Fluid surrounding cells in tissues

15. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.15 Body Water Amount and Distribution, cont’d Intracellular fluid –Total body water inside the cells –Twice the volume of that outside the cells Overall water balance –Average adult metabolizes 2.5 to 3 L of water/day

16. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.16 Distribution of Total Body Water

17. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.17 Body Water Amount and Distribution, cont’d Water intake –Preformed water in liquids that are consumed –Preformed water in foods that are eaten –Product of cell oxidation –Older adults must maintain proper intake of water because of the tendency for dehydration

18. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.18 Body Water Amount and Distribution, cont’d Water output –Obligatory water loss Leaves the body through kidneys, skin, lungs, and feces –Optional water loss Varies according to climate and physical activity

19. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.19 Sources of Fluid Intake and Output

20. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.20 Electrolytes Small, inorganic substances that break apart in a solution and carry an electrical charge (ions) Balance between cation and anion concentration maintains chemical neutrality necessary for life

21. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.21 Balance of Cation and Anion Concentrations

22. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.22 Plasma Proteins Mainly albumin and globulin Organic compounds of large molecular size Retained in blood vessels Control water movement Colloids guard blood volume (colloidal osmotic pressure)

23. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.23 Lesson 9.2 Chapter 9

24. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.24 Key Concepts The concentration of various solute particles in water determines internal shifts and movement of water.

25. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.25 Key Concepts, cont’d A state of dynamic equilibrium among all parts of the body’s water balance system sustains life.

26. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.26 Separating Membranes Capillary membrane –Thin and porous –Water molecules move freely across them Cell membrane –Thicker membranes –Constructed to protect and nourish cell contents

27. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.27 Moving Water and Solutes Across Membranes Osmosis –Process or force that impels water molecules to move throughout body –Moves water molecules from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration Diffusion –Force by which particles in solution move outward in all directions from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration

28. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.28 Diffusion Through a Membrane

29. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.29 Moving Water and Solutes Across Membranes Filtration –Water is forced through membrane pores when pressure outside the membrane is different Active transport –Necessary to carry particles “upstream” across separating membranes Pinocytosis –Larger molecules attach to thicker cell membrane, then are engulfed by cell

30. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.30 Movement of Molecules, Water, and Solutes by Osmosis and Diffusion

31. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.31 Pinocytosis

32. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.32 Capillary Fluid Shift Mechanism Cells’ water and nutrients must move from capillaries to cells. Water and cell metabolites must return to capillaries. Uses opposing fluid pressures: –Hydrostatic pressure –Colloidal osmotic pressure

33. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.33 Fluid Shift Mechanism

34. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.34 Organ Systems Involved in Body Water Balance Gastrointestinal circulation –Water from blood plasma is continually secreted into the gastrointestinal tract. –In the latter portion of the intestine, most water and electrolytes are reabsorbed into the blood. –Is maintained in isotonicity.

35. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.35 Organ Systems Involved in Body Water Balance, cont’d Renal circulation –Kidney “laundering” of the blood helps maintain water balance and proper solution of blood Hormonal controls: –Antidiuretic hormone mechanism –Aldosterone mechanism

36. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.36 Approximate Total Volume of Digestive Secretions

37. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.37 Approximate Concentration of Certain Electrolytes in Digestive Fluids

38. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.38 Acids and Bases Optimal degree of acidity or alkalinity must be maintained in body water solutions and secretions More or less acid according to degree of concentration of hydrogen ions Acidity expressed in terms of pH

39. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.39 Acid-Base Buffer System Handles an excess of acid or base Mixture of acid and base that protects a solution from wide variations in pH Main buffer system: carbonic acid/base bicarbonate

40. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.40 Physiologic Buffer Systems Respiratory control –Carbon dioxide leaves the body Urinary control –Kidney monitors hydrogen ions

41. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.41 Summary The human body is approximately 50% to 60% water Primary functions of water are to give form and structure to body tissue, provide a water environment for cell to work, and control body temperature Body water is distributed within the intracellular and extracellular compartments

42. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.42 Summary, cont’d Overall water balance is maintained by fluid intake and output Two types of solute particles control the distribution of body water –Electrolytes –Plasma protein The acid-base buffer system uses electrolytes and hydrogen ions to maintain a normal extracellular fluid pH of approximately 7.4