1. 1 5. Al-Zahrawi (Albucasis) Abu-Qasim Khalaf ibn Abbas. He was born in al-Zahra near Cordoba in 936AD, and died in 1013 AD. He was one of the greatest surgeons of his time. His encyclopaedia of surgery was used as standard reference work in the subject in all the universities of Europe for over five hundred years.

2. 2 His outstanding contribution in medicine is his encyclopaedic work 'at-Tasrif li-man ajiza an Al-talif' in thirty treatise. His at-Tasrif, completed about 1000 AD, was the result of almost fifty years of medical education and experience.

3. 3 This encyclopaedia was intended for medical students and the practising physician, for whom it was a ready and useful companion in a multitude of situations since it answers all kinds of clinical problems. It contained the earliest picture of surgical instruments in history, about 200 instruments are described and illustrated.

4. 4 In places the use of instrument i.e. the surgical procedure itself is shown. In discourse l and 2, al-Zahrawi classified 325 diseases and discussed their symptomatology and treatment. In page 145, he described, for the first time, in medical history, a hemorrhagic disease transmitted by unaffected women to their male children; today we call it hemophilia.

5. 5 These two volumes were translated into Latin and printed in Augsburg in 1519. Volume 28 is on pharmacy and was translated into Latin as early as 1288 as "Liber Servitoris". Volume 30, on surgery, became the most famous and had by far the widest and the greatest influence.

6. 6 The 300 pages of this volume represent the first book of this size devoted solely to surgery, which at that time also included dentistry and what one may term surgical dermatology.

7. 7 He developed all aspects of surgery and various branches; ophthalmology diseases of the ear, nose, and throat, and of the head and neck, general surgery, obstetrics, gynecology; military medicine, urology, and orthopedic surgery.

8. 8 It was translated into Latin by Gerard Cremona (1114-1187) it went into at least ten Latin editions between 1497 and 1544. The last edition was that of John Channing in Oxford (I778) this contains both the original Arabic text and its Latin translation on alternate pages.

9. 9 Almost all European authors of surgical texts from 12th to the 16th centuries referred to al- Zahrawi's surgery and copied from him

10. 10 Human Sciences & Law and Jurisprudence