1. EDRC How do SHS address the basic needs of rural communities? ALL THE PARTCIPANTS NAMES Energy and Development Research Centre University of Cape Town

2. EDRC Workshop objectives lIdentify key challenges / issues lCreative Solutions lShare information lAssist PPC to contribute to development of policy & legislation

3. EDRC Framework for identifying key challenges lDriver of Off-Grid Solar Electrification: Integration of Electrification programme by government, supported by Global Environmental Politics lMeans of delivery: u1 - Off-grid Concession/utility fee-for-service. u2 - Donor driven: Folovhodw lSustainability of delivery uParticipation uAwareness/education uTech-transfer uService standards

4. EDRC Framework for identifying key challenges 1 lExpected outcomes - Key challenges uPoverty Alleviation uProductive activity/income creation uLessen burden of women uHealth benefits uLocal environmental benefits uJob creation uMedia access uBasic needs

5. EDRC Framework for identifying key challenges 2 lCommunity experiences regarding expected outcomes

6. EDRC Burden on women lFuelwood collection lCooking lSatisfying household energy needs

7. EDRC

8. Media application lAccess to media: TV, radio lEducational Programmes lNews lEntertainment

9. EDRC Awareness / Education lExtended study time – has there been an improvement in the pass rate? lLevel of quality of information given by Service Provider lDo people know the type of SHS available and solar appliances lAccess to affordable solar appliances

10. EDRC Participation lCommunity involvement in project – do they know the type of service they are entitled to? lHow were local stakeholders approached / involved in the project? Community facility or individual facility?

11. EDRC Technological change lComplex technology – an effective service supplier infrastructure is required. lTechnology transfer and innovation should include the capacity to use and adapt the technology to suit local conditions (warping panels). lLevel of infrastructure of Service Provider to maintain systems lNeed adequate standards to protect rural customers.

12. EDRC Poverty alleviation lSurveyed homes are those that have stable income, typically wage or pension. lAre target users being reached? lThe service payment agreement means that household may be locked into an “energy debt” lCost per kWh higher than that of grid. lUndermines peoples’ financial ability to cope in periods of hardship (crop failures, floods, etc.)

13. EDRC Income generating activities lIncreased possibilities of local production / business? E.g sewing, etc. lJob creation lPossibilities of local production of PV panels. lHas the technology expanded choices and decreased dependence on agricultural activities. E.g crop drying / processing

14. EDRC Environmental lHealth Indoor air pollution from paraffin use Cooking done indoors Accidents related to fuel use lLocal environment Deforestration – soil erosion? Surveyed people use dead wood easier to carry and burn SHS polluting components if handled incorrectly needs consideration

15. EDRC

16. Environmental cont… Batteries have a life expectancy of 4-5 years and contains hazardous material that needs to be recycled (lead and acid) Process of producing panels use non- renewable sources like quartz, water, titanium and workers and exposed to potential health hazards.

17. EDRC Global environmental politics lClimate change used as an argument lPV in rural areas an effective CC mitigation strategy lDevelopment assistance programmes are promoting PV technology lCreating a profitable market for PV systems in donor countries.

18. EDRC