1. Challenges of Immigration & Urbanization What issues did many new immigrants & city dwellers face at the turn of the century?

2. Immigration to the US Millions immigrate through the “golden door” Europeans 20 million immigrate from 1870-1920 Most now coming from Ireland, Eastern & Southern Europe, looking for land & work Chinese & Japanese About 500,000 immigrate from 1870-1920 Chinese: escaping political turmoil Japanese: higher wages in US Mexicans About 700,000 immigrate from 1870-1920 Most looking for work – US encourages them to do field work List the top four immigrant groups (with %) on page 255.

3. On the East coast immigrants went through… Ellis Island, NY

4. Ellis Island 1) Medical Examination: check for contagious or debilitating diseases 2) Examination of legal documents: make sure they have no criminal record, have some money, and want to work Once immigrants arrived from Europe they went through the following process: Whole process took about 5-6 hours, 17,000 pass through per day. About 20% detained for a day & 2% rejected

5. On the west coast immigrants went through… Angel Island Immigration Station barracks

6. Angel Island 1882:Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act banning the entry of all Chinese except students, teachers, merchants & tourists Once immigrants arrived from Asia they went through the following process: (used to stop illegal Chinese immigration) 1. Immigrants were given medical exams & quarantined for weeks if anything was suspicious 2. Immigrants questioned harshly and held for extended periods up to 2 yrs

7. Backlash to immigration Backlash against immigrants on East coast, esp. against Jews, Poles Italians, and Irish, forcing them into poor enclaves West coast was a great deal of anti-Asian sentiment, forced into enclaves Only “Anglo-Saxon” protestants seen as true Americans Nativist organizations form that want to restrict immigration (get rid of the “wrong” type of immigrant) Rebirth of the KKK Ku Klux Klan, which started as anti-black gains momentum due to immigration backlash

8. Americanization Movement Plan to assimilate immigrants into the dominant “American” culture Despite the Americanization movement, many immigrant groups keep own languages & customs, since they are forced into an enclave

9. Challenges of Urbanization Due to lack of housing in cities, row housing is built, many must share housing Lack of clean water & sanitation (causing disease) Increase in fires (no electricity – using candles) Gangs control parts of city - rampant crime

10. Gangs of New York 1.How were many immigrants treated when they came to America? 2.Explain the lawlessness in places like New York? 3.Explain if government agencies were actually protecting people & property? 4.What are overall conditions like in the city? 5.Describe ways the “gangs” make money? Is it brutal?

11. Social Gospel Movement Preached salvation by helping the poor Reformers establish settlement housing (places to help poor) Most well known: Hull House in Chicago founded by Jane Addams