1. CAPACITY BUILDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT IN TANZANIA H. Sosovele Institute of Resource Assessment University of Dar es Salaam

2. Outline Introduction Environmental Challenges EA in Tanzania – trends and issues Capacity building programmes Challenges

3. Introduction Tanzania – a land of many contrasts:Tanzania – a land of many contrasts: –Experiences a variety of weather conditions –Can produce all basic crops for human and export needs Land area: Over 886,040 sq kmLand area: Over 886,040 sq km Population: 37.4 MillionPopulation: 37.4 Million

4. An Overview of NR in Tanzania TZ is one of world’s mega-biodiversity countries About 38% of total land area is under some form of protection (e.g. N/Parks, G/ Reserves and Forest Reserves

5. An overview …2 TZ has abundant mineral resources and fertile landTZ has abundant mineral resources and fertile land large water bodies in Africa (Victoria, Tanganyika, River Nile, Indian ocean)large water bodies in Africa (Victoria, Tanganyika, River Nile, Indian ocean) Several endemic species of flora and fauna found in TZSeveral endemic species of flora and fauna found in TZ

6. Environmental Challenges…1 Tanzania is facing numerous Environmental challenges that includes: –Loss of wildlife habitats and biodiversity, –Deforestation and –Inadequate of clean and safe drinking water

7. Environmental Challenges…2 –Pollution, –Land degradation. Most challenges are often associated with pursuit of short term gains

8. Environmental Assessment in Tanzania EA in Tanzania is less than 30 years oldEA in Tanzania is less than 30 years old Concerted efforts started seriously in early 1990sConcerted efforts started seriously in early 1990s Most of the EA – then were:Most of the EA – then were: –Project EIAs –Largely donor driven –Done by external experts with little involvement of local experts –Received little support from Government and private sector

9. EA in Tanzania..2 A study carried out in 1998 showed that: – EIA has had little impact on decision making – Late in starting; under-resourced; omitted other stakeholders – Focused on output and ignored process – Did not define, cost and integrate environmental management into project designs – Private sector and some government tiers viewed EIA as impediment

10. EA in Tanzania..3 Even donor driven EIA were not effective – much as they marshaled external experts and used external guidelines Donor interests in EIA dropped after EIS had been prepared and no effort to use the EIS in decision was made by the donors Inadequate capacities were identified as critical bottleneck

11. Capacity building issues..1 Five areas that needed capacity building were identified: – Legal framework – Institutional set up – with clear mandates – Technical capacity to carry out EA – Financial resources to manage the system – Knowledge and awareness of EA among various segments of the stakeholders (private sector, government – was critical)

12. Capacity building issues…2 Recommendations to strengthen the capacity to carry EIA and use EIS were given to Government. However, there was neither a comprehensive CBP nor a clear understanding of what constituted CBP or whose capacity was the priority ?

13. CB Programmes CBP of the 1990s were – Unguided due to lack of clear programmes and strategies – Some CBP came in the form of problem solving – the Prawn Farming project raised awareness among stakeholders – Several EIA were undertaken using variety of policies and sector laws – often conflicting

14. CBP..2 – Various institutions undertook their own CBP -TANAPA – Universities started formal and informal training programmes – GOT initiated preparation of draft EIA Guidelines

15. Legal and Institutional CB…1 Government embarked on institutional reform for EA in 1998 – By 2004 – Environmental Management Act (EMA No. 20) was passed (6 years long) EMA outlines mandates and requirements for EA Outlines various institutions for EMA implementation Stressed need for EIA, SEA and other assessments Stated stakeholder involvement as requirement

16. CBP under EMA..1 Government initiated CBP for EMA The GBP identified broad capacity building areas vital for EMA implementation The GBP had wider focus, targeted stakeholders at government, private sector, NGOs Detailed outputs and activities in CB necessary for EMA

17. CBP under EMA..2 Government developed EMA Implementation Support Programme (EISP) Its objectives: –Set priorities, cost, timeframe, outputs and actions necessary for scaling up environmental mandates –Effective implementation of EMA mandates will contribute to poverty reduction and improved environment

18. CBP issues under EISP CBP issues relevant for EA in the programme include Environmental policy and planning Carrying and monitoring compliance to EIAs, SEA, reporting, monitoring, enforcement and information Institutional set up and reorganization to take up EMA roles – environmental officers at sector level Awareness raising and research Funding for management of EA

19. CBP issues under EISP The EISP targets national level Government institutions – such as –Office of the Vice President, –Sector Ministries, –Government Agencies (NEMC) –Local Government These have mandates such as preparation of laws, and guidelines for EIA, SEA, Review, Monitoring, and Compliance,

20. Challenges EISP says little about CB for private sector, CSOs, ordinary people CBP include increasing staff in government departments to handle EA issues – cost implications Large part of the cost will be from outside – Will it be a sustainable EISP? Slow development and adaptation of EMA requirements in various sectors