1. Weathering and Soil Formation Chapter 10

2. Old and New Mountains  The Appalachian Mountains appear very different from the Sierra Mountains.  The Appalachians are smaller, rounded, gently sloping, and covered with plants.  The Sierras are twice as high, and very rocky and steep.

3. Weathering  Weathering-is the process by which rock materials are broken down into smaller and smaller pieces (sediment) by the action of physical or chemical processes.  Rocks on the Earth’s surface are undergoing weathering all the time, either by mechanical means or by chemical means.

4. Mechanical Weathering  Mechanical weathering is simply the breakdown of rock into smaller pieces by physical means.  Agents or causes of mechanical weathering include: Ice- gravity Ice- gravity Wind- plants Wind- plants Water- animals Water- animals

5. Mechanical Weathering Section 1   Ice Wedging:t is mechanical weathering caused by the freezing and thawing of water that seeps into cracks in rocks. cracks in rocks.   Abrasion: Abrasion is the grinding and wearing away of rock surfaces through the mechanical action of other rock or sand particles.   Wind, Water, and Gravity: Wind, water, and gravity carry rocks, causing them to abrade against one another. is mechanical weathering caused by the freezing and thawing of water that seeps into cracks in rocks.

6. Section 1 Weathering Chapter 10 Ice Wedging Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

7. Mechanical Weathering, continued 2   Plants As a plant grows, the force of the expanding root becomes so strong that it can break a rock apart.   Animals Almost any animal that burrows causes mechanical weathering by mixing and digging through soil and rock particles.

8. Animals and Mechanical Weathering   Animals that burrow in the ground break up soil and loosen rocks to be exposed to further weathering.

9. Chemical Weathering  Chemical Weathering is the chemical breakdown of rocks and minerals into new substances.  The most common agents or causes of chemical weathering are: Water Water Weak Acids Weak Acids Air Air Soil Soil

10. Agents of Chemical Weathering  Explain how each of the following Causes Chemical Weathering Water Water Acid Precipitation Acid Precipitation Acid in Ground Water Acid in Ground Water Acids in Living Things Acids in Living Things Air (Define and explain the result of Oxidation) Air (Define and explain the result of Oxidation)

11. Chemical Weathering  Water- Even hard rock, such as granite, can be broken down by water.  Water- Even hard rock, such as granite, can be broken down by water. Weak acids in water dissolve the minerals bonds that hold rock together.

12. Chemical Weathering

13. Acid Precipitation   Acid Precipitation The high level of acidity in acid precipitation can cause very rapid weathering of rock.  Sometimes precipitation contains more acid than normal. Rain, sleet, or snow that contains more acid than normal is called acid precipitation.  Acid precipitation forms when small amounts of certain gases mix with water in the atmosphere. The gases come from natural sources, such as active volcanoes.  They are also produced when people burn fossil fuels,  such as coal and oil.

14. Chemical Weathering   Acids in Living Things Some living things, such as lichens, produce acids that can slowly break down rocks. Lichens, which consist of fungi and algae living together, contribute to chemical weathering.

15. Chemical Weathering   Acids in Groundwater When acidic groundwater comes into contact with limestone, the limestone is dissolved and forms karst features.  When the groundwater touches some kinds of rock, a chemical reaction happens. The chemical reaction dissolves the rock. Over a long period of time, huge caves can form where rock has been dissolved.

16. Chemical Weathering Acid in groundwater has weathered limestone to form Rusty’s Cave in Dade County, Georgia.

17. Chemical Weathering, Oxidation   Air Oxygen in the air causes oxidation. Oxidation is the chemical reaction in which an element, such as iron, combines with oxygen to form an iron oxide (rust).

18. Section 1 Weathering Chapter 10 Oxidation Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

19. Chemical Weathering   Water Even hard rock, such as granite, can be broken down by water. Weak acids in water dissolve the minerals bonds that hold rock together.   Acid Precipitation The high level of acidity in acid precipitation can cause very rapid weathering of rock.   Acids in Groundwater When acidic groundwater comes into contact with limestone underground, the limestone is dissolved and forms karst (caves or caverns)features. Acid in groundwater has weathered limestone to form Rusty’s Cave in Dade County, Georgia. Chemical weathering: the process by which rocks break down as a result of chemical reactions.

20. Differential Weathering Section 2   What Is Differential Weathering? Differential weathering is a process by which softer, less weather resistant rock wear away and leave harder, more weather resistant rock. The image below is an example of differential weathering.

21. Composition of the Rock  Rocks that are made of harder minerals are more resistant to weathering  Rocks that are made of softer minerals will weather faster than rocks that are made of harder minerals Limestone Granite

22. The Shape of Rocks   Surface Area The more surface area of a rock that is exposed to weathering, the faster the rock will be worn down.   Increasing the Rate of Weathering If a large rock is broken down into smaller fragments, weathering of the rock happens much more quickly.

23. Surface Area and Volume

24. Weathering and Climate   What Is Climate? Climate is the average weather condition in an area over a long period of time.   Temperature and Water The rate of chemical weathering happens faster in warm, humid climates. Water also increases the rate of mechanical weathering. Mechanical weathering happens in cold climates. ee

25. Weathering and Elevation   High Elevations Rocks at higher elevations, as on a mountain, are exposed to more wind, rain, and ice than rocks at lower elevations.   Steep Slopes The steepness of mountain slopes increases the effects of mechanical and chemical weathering. Steep slopes cause water and sediments to quickly run down the side of the mountain.

26. Soil Ch. 11

27. The Source of Soil Section 3   What Is Soil? Soil is a loose mixture of small mineral fragments, organic material, water, and air that can support the growth of vegetation.   Residual and Transported Soil: Soil that remains above its parent rock is called residual soil. Soil that is blown or washed away from its parent rock is called transported soil.

28. Section 3 From Bedrock to Soil Chapter 10 Residual and Transported Soil Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

29. Loam  Loam, a type of very fertile soil is made up of air, water and organic materials as well as minerals from weathered rock.  Rich fertile soil that is made up of about equal parts of clay sand and silt.

30. Soil Properties Soil Texture and Soil Structure Soil texture is the soil quality that is based on the proportions of soil particles. Soil structure is the arrangement of soil particles. Transported soil may be moved long distances from its parent rock by rivers, such as this one.

31. Soil Texture

32. Soil Properties 2   Soil Fertility A soil’s ability to hold nutrients and to supply nutrients to a plant is described as soil fertility.   Soil Horizons Because of the way soil forms, soil often ends up in a series of layers called horizons.   Soil pH Soils can be acidic or basic. The pH scale is used to measure how acidic or basic a soil is.

33. Soil Layers

34. Section 3 From Bedrock to Soil Chapter 10 Leaching Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

35. Regolith  A term that describes the weathered material that is on top of the bed rock  Top soil is the top layer of regolith  Regolith protects the rock below from weathering because bedrock weathers easier than regular rock

36. Soil Triangle  A soil texture triangle is used to classify the texture of a soil.  The sides of the soil texture triangle are scaled for the percentages of sand, silt, and clay.  Clay percentages are read from left to right across the triangle  Silt is read from the upper right to lower left  Sand from lower right towards the upper left portion of the triangle . The intersection of the three sizes on the triangle give the texture class. For instance, if you have a soil with 20% clay, 60% silt, and 20% sand it falls in the "silt loam" class. . The intersection of the three sizes on the triangle give the texture class. For instance, if you have a soil with 20% clay, 60% silt, and 20% sand it falls in the "silt loam" class.

37. Soil and Climate   Tropical Rain Forest Climates The warm soil in tropical rain forest climates allows dead plants and animals to decay easily. This provides rich humus to the soil.   Desert Climates The lack of rain in desert climates leads to low rates of chemical and mechanical weathering. The salty conditions of desert soils make it difficult for many plants to survive. Lush tropical rain forests have surprisingly thin topsoil.

38. Soil and Climate 2   Temperate Forest and Grassland Climates Temperate forest and grassland climates get enough rain to cause a high level of chemical weathering, but not too much that nutrients are leached out.   Arctic Climates In arctic climates, as in desert climates, chemical weathering occurs very slowly. Low temperatures slow the formation of humus. The rich soils in areas that have a temperate climate support a vast farming industry. Arctic soils, such as the soil along Denali Highway, in Alaska, cannot support lush vegetation.

39. The Importance of Soil Section 4   Nutrients Soil provides minerals and other nutrients for plants. All animals get their energy from plants.   Housing Soil provides a place for animals to live.   Water Storage Without soil to hold water, plants would not get the moisture or the nutrients they need.

40. Soil Damage and Loss   Overuse Overused soil can lose its nutrients and become infertile.   Soil Erosion When soil is left unprotected, it can be exposed to erosion. Erosion is the process by which wind, water, or gravity transport soil and sediment from one location to another. Providence Canyon, Georgia, shows the effects of cutting forests for farm land.

41. Providence Canyon Providence Canyon is near Lumpkin, Georgia. It has beautiful gullies formed by erosion 150 years ago. This park is part of Georgia's East Gulf Coastal Plain region. People call it Georgia's "Little Grand Canyon." There are 16 canyons altogether. Some canyons are 1 mile long and 300 feet across. An ancient ocean formed all the canyons.

42. Georgia Red Clay  Georgia is famous for its red clay.  This red color comes from the high iron content in the soil.  Think rust!

43. Dust Bowl  In the 1800’s settlers in the Great Plains turned the fertile, moisture laden sod into farmland.  In drought, this land dried up and blew away as dust.  In the 1930’s, severe drought over several years allowed this soil to be blown away in great, dark clouds.  Some of these dust storms reached New York City.  This lasted until 1938. Many farmers in the “Dust Bowl” had to abandon their homes and move away.  Read Steinbeck’s “The Grapes of Wrath”

44. Contour Plowing and Terracing   Contour Plowing In contour plowing, the rows of soil act as a series of dams to prevent water from eroding topsoil away.   Terracing If hills are steep, farmers can use terracing. Terracing changes one steep field into a series of smaller, flatter fields.

45. Cover Crop and Crop Rotation   Cover Crops Cover crops are crops that are planted between harvests to replace certain nutrients and prevent erosion. Cover crops prevent erosion by providing cover from wind and rain.   Crop Rotation Farmers can rotate crops that use different nutrients so that nutrients in the soil have time to become replenished.