1. Chapter 4: Logic as The Art of Arts By Kasey Fitzpatrick

2. Art and Logic What is Art?What does Logic do? An art is a fixed and definite procedure, established by reason, by which human acts reach their due ends by appropriate means Logic aims at perfecting the acts of reason. Logic is the art of reasoning well

3. Logic is about the Things we know I know that angles within a triangle sum to 180 degrees. I know that I am cold right now. “Know” here refers to a kind of intellectual knowing. A knowledge of something universal, which is always true “Know” here seems to refer to a kind of knowledge linked to sensation: A knowledge of something particular, which is true here and now, but might change. Which one is logic concerned with?

4. Knowledge Logic is concerned with intellectual knowledge. Sense knowledge is never the conclusion to an argument!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

5. When to use argument? Sense knowledge is known without argument You would need argument to prove that the interior angles of triangles sum to 180 degrees

6. Premises -> Conclusion Whenever we reason, we reason from some statements which we already know. i. We call those statements premises Then we move to a statement which we do not know ii. We call this statement a conclusion

7. Logic is the art of reasoning? When we say this, we mean The art of habitually reasoning to true conclusions from true premises

8. Asking the Questions Is all intellectual knowledge the conclusion to an argument? True? Well then how do we know that the conclusion of an argument is true? By knowing that the premises are true. But how will we know that these premises are true, if all knowledge is the conclusion to an argument???? In order to know that the premises to the first argument is true, they will have to be conclusions to other arguments, but these other arguments will also have premises, and so on……TO INFINITY!!

9. What do we know? But anyone who holds the position that all intellectual knowledge must be the conclusion of some argument is ridiculous! This would imply that we know NOTHING

10. Truth There are some truths which we know without having to prove them through argument. These are called self- evident truths