1. UNDERSTANDING THE NEW U.S. NATIONAL SPACE POLICY John M. Logsdon Director, Space Policy Institute Elliott School of International Affairs The George Washington University Washington, DC, USA

2. THE U.S. COMMITMENT TO SPACE More than any other country in the world, the United States has made a strong commitment to the development and use of comprehensive space capabilities The most recent statement of the reasoning behind this commitment is the National Space Policy approved by President George W. Bush on August 31, 2006 That policy states “In this new century, those who effectively utilize space will enjoy added prosperity and security and will hold a substantial advantage over those who do not.... In order to increase knowledge, discovery, economic prosperity, and to enhance the national security, the United States must have robust, effective, and efficient space capabilities. “ The new United Space National Space Policy is intended to preserve existing U.S. superiority in space and to preserve U.S. freedom of action to benefit from the investments it has made in space. It is the latest in a series of Presidentially-approved policy statements dating back to January 1960, with a great deal of continuity over those 47 years

5. THE U.S. APPROACH TO SPACE SECURITY New space policy states that “the United States is committed to the exploration and use of space by all nations for peaceful purposes” From the U.S. point of view, “peaceful purposes allow U.S. defense and intelligence-related activities in pursuit of national interests.”

6. CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN U.S. POLICY The United States rejects any claims to sovereignty by any nation over outer space or celestial bodies, or any portion thereof, and rejects any limitations on the fundamental right of sovereign nations to acquire data from space. The United States considers the space systems of any nation to be national property with the right of passage through and operations in space without interference. Purposeful interference with space systems shall be viewed as an infringement on sovereign rights.... the fundamental right of the United States to operate in and acquire data from space. The United States considers space systems to have the rights of passage through and operations in space without interference. Consistent with this principle, the United States will view purposeful interference with its space systems as an infringement on its rights. 19962006

7. THE U.S. APPROACH TO SPACE SECURITY The United States has become extremely dependent on the use of space assets for its national security and economic well-being. This increasing dependence has been accompanied by an increasing recognition that these space assets are vulnerable to disruption or destruction by an adversary This has led to a very strong statement of U.S. policy towards those who might attack its space assets

8. THE U.S. APPROACH TO SPACE SECURITY New space policy states “The United States considers space capabilities -- including the ground and space segments and supporting links -- vital to its national interests. Consistent with this policy, the United States will: preserve its rights, capabilities, and freedom of action in space; dissuade or deter others from impeding those rights or developing the capabilities intended to do so; take those actions necessary to protect its space capabilities; respond to interference; and deny, if necessary, adversaries the use of space capabilities hostile to U.S. national interests.” Also, “The United States will oppose the development of new legal regimes or other restrictions that seek to prohibit or limit U.S. access to or use of space. Proposed arms control agreements or restrictions must not impair the rights of the United States to conduct research, development, testing, and operations or other activities in space for U. S. national interests.”

9. THE U.S. APPROACH TO SPACE SECURITY Freedom of action for peaceful purposes has always been part of U.S. policy towards space. The new policy states that “Freedom of action in space is as important to the United States as air power and sea power.... The United States considers space capabilities... vital to its national interests. Consistent with this policy, the United States will: preserve its rights, capabilities, and freedom of action in space.... The United States will oppose the development of new legal regimes or other restrictions that seek to prohibit or limit U.S. use of space.” The language in this statement of space policy reflects the unilateralist approach of the current U.S. government. The policy states that “The United States will oppose the development of new legal regimes or other restrictions that seek to prohibit or limit U.S. access to or use of space. Proposed arms control agreements or restrictions must not impair the rights of the United States to conduct research, development, testing, and operations or other activities in space for U. S. national interests.” Setting out clearly what the United States considers its rights in space does not deny that other countries have similar rights. U.S. approach to freedom of action has become known as “space control.” The policy states that the United States will “dissuade or deter others from either impeding those rights or developing capabilities intended to do so; take those actions necessary to protect its space capabilities; respond to interference; and deny, if necessary, adversaries the use of space capabilities hostile to U. S. national interests.”

10. DOES SPACE CONTROL REQUIRE SPACE WEAPONS? It is very difficult to define precisely a space weapon There are many elements of space control other than destruction of a space object that can be accomplished without the use of a space weapon Current U.S. policy is not to develop or test space weapons Still, weapons have accompanied humanity’s activities on the land, sea, and air We have learned to live with weapons and go about our normal lives (most of the time)

11. AN EMPHASIS ON COOPERATION The new policy states that “the United States will seek to cooperate with other nations in the peaceful use of outer space to extend the benefits of space, enhance space exploration, and to protect and promote freedom around the world” “The United States will seek to cooperate with other nations in the peaceful use of outer space to extend the benefits of space, enhance space exploration, and to protect and promote freedom around the world. “ The policy also says that a fundamental policy goal is to “encourage international cooperation with foreign nations and/or consortia on space activities that are of mutual benefit and that further the peaceful exploration and use of space, as well as to advance national security, homeland security, and foreign policy objectives.”

12. New policy also states that “it is in the interest of the United States to foster the use of U.S. commercial space capabilities around the globe and to enable a dynamic, domestic commercial space sector” and that the U.S. government will focus on “encouraging and facilitating a growing and entrepreneurial space sector.” In order to do this, the U.S. government will pursue a variety of approaches including purchase of commercial services and favorable regulatory policies –ITAR a current issue Goal is to make U.S. private sector a leader in existing and new profit-making activities in space COOPERATION AND COMPETITION

13. SUMMARY Not surprisingly, the new U.S. National Space Policy reflects the overall policy orientation of the current government. Even so, it also represents substantial continuity with past policies. The policy is not a call for U.S. dominance in space, but it certainly supports U.S. space superiority The policy does not change the U.S. approach to space weaponization, which is not to develop weapons but to resist attempts to restrict its freedom to do so in the future Acceptance of the current international regime based on the 1967 Outer Space Treaty is a fundamental element of the policy The policy gives strong emphasis to the benefits for all countries of international cooperation in space