1. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

2. Chapter 2: The Constitution The Origins of the Constitution The Government That Failed: 1776–1787 Making a Constitution: The Philadelphia Convention Critical Issues at the Convention The Madisonian System Ratifying the Constitution Changing the Constitution Understanding the Constitution Summary

3. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The Origins of the Constitution The Road to Revolution Colonists faced tax increases after the French and Indian War. Colonists lacked direct representation in parliament. Colonial leaders formed the Continental Congress to address abuses of the English Crown. LO 2.1 To Learning Objectives

4. LO 2.1 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

5. The Origins of the Constitution Declaring Independence In May and June 1776, the Continental Congress debated resolutions for independence. The Declaration of Independence, which listed the colonists grievances against the British, was adopted on July 4, 1776. Politically, the Declaration was a polemic, announcing and justifying revolution. LO 2.1 To Learning Objectives

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7. The Origins of the Constitution The English Heritage: The Power of Ideas Natural Rights – Rights inherent in humans being, not dependent on government. Consent of the Governed – The government derives its authority by sanction of the people. Limited Government – Put certain restrictions on government to protect natural rights. LO 2.1 To Learning Objectives

8. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The Origins of the Constitution The American Creed The sanctity of property was one of the few ideas absent in Jefferson’s draft of the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson altered Locke’s phrase, “life, liberty, and property” to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” LO 2.1 To Learning Objectives

9. LO 2.1 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

10. The Origins of the Constitution Winning Independence In 1783, the American colonies prevailed in their war against England. The “Conservative” Revolution Restored rights the colonists felt they had lost Not a major change of lifestyles. LO 2.1 To Learning Objectives

11. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The Government That Failed: 1776–1787 The Articles of Confederation The first document to govern the United States, ratified in 1781. It created a confederation among 13 states and former colonies. Congress had few powers; there was no president or national court system. All government power rested in the states. LO 2.2 To Learning Objectives

12. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The Government That Failed: 1776–1787 Changes in the States Voting laws increased political power among a new middle class. Middle class of farmers and craft workers counterbalanced the power of professionals and wealthy merchants. Ideas of equality spread and democracy took hold. LO 2.2 To Learning Objectives

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14. The Government That Failed: 1776–1787 Economic Turmoil Postwar depression left farmers unable to pay debts. State legislatures sympathetic to farmers passed laws that favored debtors over creditors. LO 2.2 To Learning Objectives

15. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The Government That Failed: 1776–1787 Economic Turmoil (cont.) In 1786, a group of farmers in western Massachusetts led by Captain Daniel Shays rebelled at losing their land to creditors. Shays’ Rebellion was a series of armed attacks on courthouses to prevent judges from foreclosing on farms and it spurred the birth of the Constitution. LO 2.2 To Learning Objectives

16. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The Government That Failed: 1776–1787 The Aborted Annapolis Meeting An attempt to discuss changes to the Articles of Confederation in September 1786. Attended by only 12 delegates from 5 states. Called for a meeting in May 1787 to further discuss changes—the Constitutional Convention. LO 2.2 To Learning Objectives

17. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Making a Constitution: The Philadelphia Convention Gentlemen in Philadelphia 55 men from 12 of the 13 states. Mostly wealthy planters and merchants. Most were college graduates with some political experience. Many were coastal residents from the larger cities, not the rural areas. LO 2.3

18. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Making a Constitution: The Philadelphia Convention Philosophy into Action Human Nature – People were self- interested; government should check and contain the natural self-interest of people. Political Conflict – Wealth (property) distribution is the source of political conflict; factions arise from the unequal distribution of wealth. LO 2.3 To Learning Objectives

19. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Making a Constitution: The Philadelphia Convention Philosophy into Action (cont.) Objects of Government – Property must be protected against the tyranny of faction. Nature of Government – Secret of good government is “balanced government” because as long as no faction could seize complete control of government, tyranny could be avoided. LO 2.3 To Learning Objectives

20. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Critical Issues at the Convention The Equality Issues Equality and Representation of the States – The New Jersey Plan and Virginia Plan led to the Connecticut Compromise. Slavery – The question of how to count slaves was solved with the Three-Fifths Compromise. Equality in Voting – Delegates decided to leave voting qualifications to the states. LO 2.4 To Learning Objectives

21. LO 2.4 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

22. LO 2.4 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

23. Critical Issues at the Convention The Economic Issues States had tariffs on products from other states. Paper money was basically worthless. Congress could not raise money. Key actions taken – Powers of Congress were strengthened and powers of states were limited. LO 2.4 To Learning Objectives

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25. Critical Issues at the Convention The Individual Rights Issues Prohibits suspension of writ of habeas corpus. No bills of attainder. No ex post facto laws. Religious qualifications for holding office prohibited. Strict rules of evidence for conviction of treason. Jury trial in criminal cases. LO 2.4 To Learning Objectives

26. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The Madisonian System Thwarting Tyranny of the Majority Limiting Majority Control – To keep most of the government beyond the control of the masses. Separating Powers – Branches are relatively independent of the others so no single branch could control the others. LO 2.5 To Learning Objectives

27. LO 2.5 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

28. The Madisonian System Thwarting Tyranny of the Majority (cont.) Creating Checks and Balances – Each branch needs the consent of the others for many actions. Establishing a Federal System – Federalism divides power between national and state governments. LO 2.5 To Learning Objectives

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30. The Madisonian System The Constitutional Republic Republic is a form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws. Tends to favor the status quo and limit political change. The End of the Beginning The document was approved and now it had to be ratified. LO 2.5 To Learning Objectives

31. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Ratifying the Constitution Federalists and Anti-Federalists Federalists supported the new Constitution and wrote the Federalist Papers to defend it. Anti-Federalists opposed the new Constitution and believed it was an enemy of freedom. The compromise between the two groups was the Bill of Rights. LO 2.6 To Learning Objectives

32. LO 2.6 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

33. LO 2.6 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

34. Ratifying the Constitution LO 2.6 Federalists specified that the Constitution be ratified by special conventions, not state legislatures 9 states had to ratify the Constitution Delaware was the 1 st (Dec 1787), New Hampshire was the 9 th (Jun 1788) To Learning Objectives

35. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Changing the Constitution The Formal Amending Process Proposal – An amendment may be proposed either by a two-thirds vote in each house or chamber of Congress, or by a national convention called by Congress at the request of two-thirds of the state legislatures. LO 2.7 To Learning Objectives

36. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Changing the Constitution The Formal Amending Process (cont.) Ratification – An amendment may be ratified either by the legislatures of three- fourths of the states, or by special state conventions called in three-fourths of the states. LO 2.7 To Learning Objectives

37. LO 2.7 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

38. Changing the Constitution The Informal Process of Constitutional Change Judicial Interpretation – Marbury v. Madison (1803) established judicial review. Changing Political Practice – How the political parties and the Electoral College practice today changed the Constitution. LO 2.7 To Learning Objectives

39. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Changing the Constitution The Informal Process of Constitutional Change (cont.) Technology – Mass media, atomic weapons, computers, and electronic communications have changed the Constitution. Increasing Demands on Policymakers – Demands for more domestic and foreign policies changed the Constitution. LO 2.7 To Learning Objectives

40. LO 2.7 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

41. Changing the Constitution The Importance of Flexibility The Constitution created a flexible government that could adapt to the needs of the times without sacrificing personal freedom. The Constitution is a short document (27 amendments and less than 8,000 words) that does not prescribe the structure and functioning of the national government in detail. LO 2.7 To Learning Objectives

42. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Understanding the Constitution The Constitution and Democracy The Constitution created a republic (representative democracy based on limited government). Historically, there has been a gradual democratization of the Constitution away from the elitist model of democracy and toward the pluralist one. LO 2.8 To Learning Objectives

43. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Understanding the Constitution The Constitution and the Scope of Government Separation of powers and checks and balances promote demands for public policy to be heard. Separation of powers and checks and balances promote bargaining, compromise, playing one institution against another, and an increase of hyperpluralism. LO 2.8 To Learning Objectives