1. Ecology & Environmental Problems Lecture #6 Dr. Ron Chesser Reading: pages 51-52; Chapter 16, 306-323.

2. 1 st Law of Thermodynamics Conservation of Energy This law suggests that energy can be transferred from one system to another in many forms. However, it can not be created nor destroyed. Thus, the total amount of energy available in the Universe is constant. Einstein's famous equation (written below) describes the relationship between energy and matter:energysystemmatter E = mc 2 In the equation above, energy (E) is equal to matter (m) times the square of a constant (c) which is the speed of light (300,000 km/sec or 186,000 mi/sec). Einstein suggested that energy and matter are interchangeable. His equation also suggests that the quantity of energy and matter in the Universe is fixed.energymatter

3. 1 st Law Use in Energy Consumption In the USA today, about 50% of the energy produced is returned to the environment as waste heat. Elimination of waste heat could double our energy availability Elimination of waste heat is not feasible.

4. Energy is Conserved: The First Law of Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is the study of the patterns of energy change. The "thermo" refers to energy, and "dynamics" means patterns of change. imagine a brick resting on a window ledge 3 stories high. As the brick rests on the ledge, it has potential energy (mgh). If you knock the brick off the ledge the potential energy is converted to kinetic energy as the brick accelerates toward the ground. Then when the brick hits the ground the kinetic energy is converted to light energy (sparks), sound energy (a bang), and chemical energy (the brick breaks).

5. Relativity relativity, physical theory, introduced by Albert Einstein, that discards the concept of absolute motion and instead treats only relative motion between two systems or frames of reference. One consequence of the theory is that space and time are no longer viewed as separate, independent entities but rather are seen to form a four- dimensional continuum called space-time.space-time

6. 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics Heat can never pass spontaneously from a colder to a hotter body. As a result of this fact, natural processes that involve energy transfer must have one direction, and all natural processes are irreversible.Heat This law also predicts that the entropy of an isolated system always increases with time. Entropy is the measure of the disorder or randomness of energy and matter in a system.entropyenergy matter Because of the second law of thermodynamics both energy and matter in the Universe are becoming less useful as time goes on.Universe Perfect order in the Universe occurred the instance after the Big Bang when energy and matter and all of the forces of the Universe were unified.Big Bang

7. 2 nd Law Use In the USA today, our efficiencies of use of 2 nd Law Energies is only about 10-15%. We have a high potential for saving energy by better matching the quality of energy sources with their uses.

8. 3 rd Law of Thermodynamics The third law of thermodynamics states that if all the thermal motion of molecules (kinetic energy) could be removed, a state called absolute zero would occur. Absolute zero is a temperature of 0 Kelvin or -273.15° Celsius.moleculeskinetic energy absolute zero temperatureKelvinCelsius Absolute Zero = 0 Kelvin = -273.15° Celsius The Universe will attain absolute zero when all energy and matter is randomly distributed across space. The current temperature of empty space in the Universe is about 2.7 Kelvin.

9. Thermodynamics is the study of the inter- relation between heat, work and internal energy of a system. The British scientist and author C.P. Snow had an excellent way of remembering the three laws: You cannot win (that is, you cannot get something for nothing, because matter and energy are conserved). You cannot break even (you cannot return to the same energy state, because there is always an increase in disorder; entropy always increases). You cannot get out of the game (because absolute zero is unattainable).

10. Understanding Space, Time, and Energy – Evolution of Science Contradictions lead to better theories Over the past 100 years in physics, theories that had been developed to explain different phenomena were shown to contradict one another. New theories were developed to resolve those contradictions, and new phenomena were discovered to support them. The final challenge is to resolve the contradictions between quantum field theory and general relativity.

11. Do we have enough Energy? -- Energy Crises -- Greece and Rome – Madagascar OPEC and 1973 Chernobyl & 3-mile Island California’s Energy Crisis – too much of a good thing? Natural Gas Prices – ENRON

12. Social Systems Individuals are insulated From threats to their genetic Contributions. Each layer Should contribute to the Security of individuals.

13. Relationships Paternal/Maternal Siblings Half Siblings Cousins, Aunts, Uncles, Nephew, Niece Twice, thrice…removed Great, great…. Ethnicity? Race?

14. Cooperation & Competition Kinship: behavior conveyed to relatives. Cooperation proportional to relationship. Altruism: Giving up one’s fitness to benefit another.

15. Where should Competition Take Place? Individual Direct Family Relatives Social Group(s) Coalitions Affiliations Societies