2. WHY WERE CLICKERS INVENTED? 1972—Consensor—Bill Simmons – retired IBM Executive. A need to access, evaluate, and extend classroom activities. A need for students to be active participants in their learning/lesson.

3. BENEFITS OF CLICKERS Improve attentiveness Increase knowledge retention Poll anonymously Track individual responses Display polling results immediately Create an interactive and fun learning environment Confirm audience understanding of key points immediately Gather data for reporting and analysis

4. DEVELOPMENT 1966 Hollywood used clickers to poll audiences Late 1960’s IBM used them for interactive board meetings. Rice College was one of the first colleges to use Audio response systems. Today’s use in K-12 classrooms

5. COMMERCIALIZATION Production Manufacturing Packaging and Marketing Distribution

6. REASONS for PRODUCTION and MANUFACTURING Improve Attentiveness Increase Knowledge Retention Poll Anonymously Track Individual Responses Display Polling Results Immediately Create an Interactive and Fun Learning Environment Confirm Audience Understanding of Key Points Immediately Gather Data for Reporting and Analysis

7. PLACES CLICKERS ARE USED Education Corporate Training Control Self-Assessment Delegate Voting Marketing Research Decision Support Game Shows (Audience Response) Conferences and Events Executive Decision Making Continuing Medical Education

8. PACKAGING and MARKETING Easy to store system Typically sold as classroom sets Software with a variety of functions. Test generator Prepackaged power point lessons Data analysis charts and graphs Grade book programs

9. DISTRIBUTION Internet eInstruction SMART Student Response System IRespond

10. I know that the “clickers” began being used in 1960. However, I can’t find any data for their diffusion. Colleges started using them in 1998

11. Adopters of Student Response Systems Innovators and Early Adopters New Teachers –eager to try new things Technology Savvy Teachers—always eager for new technology. Assessment Oriented teachers—always looking for now ways to assess students’ knowledge. Relative Advantage Compatibility Laggards Veteran Teachers—teachers set in their ways Non-tech Teachers—teachers who are uncomfortable with technology. Relative Advantage Complexity Trial ability Perceived attributes to help clickers meet critical mass Relative Advantage Trial Ability

12. Approach Decentralized approach would work best for the adoption of the Student Response system. Peer Networking Professional Development and Training Technical Support within each building. How will the change Agent introduce the Student Response Systems? Present the reason for change Create a network of peer support Determine why SRS are better than the system currently used Motivate teacher interest in SRS Work with teacher leaders to create near-peer networks Continually reinforce the positive aspects of the SRS Develop the confidence in other teachers so they can promote the use of SRS

13. Has the innovation you are proposing to the Board already met critical mass in society? If it has not met critical mass, which of the four strategies for achieving critical mass do you recommend to the Board for your innovation?

14. References Clickers on Wikipedia Consensor and ComTec History IBM Study Proves Use of Student Response Systems Increases Attentiveness IBM Study Proves Use of Student Response Systems Increases Attentiveness The Features and Potential of Interactive Response System The Features and Potential of Interactive Response System