1. Conceptual Physics Hewitt, 1999 Bloom High School

2. 26.1 The Origin of Sound All sound produced by vibration of an object Strings in instrument, reed in a sax, etc. Pitch- how our anatomy interprets frequency (tone or note) Human range 20-20,000 Hertz Infrasonic- frequencies <20 Hertz Elephants, whales, earthquakes Ultrasonic- frequencies >20,000 Hertz Plastic welding, jewelry cleaning, mixing

3. 26.2 Sound in Air Sound travels in longitudinal waves Compression- molecules pushed together represent a crest Rarefraction- molecules pulled apart represent a trough

4. Rubens Tubes Uses a flammable gas in a metal tube to show how frequency and wavelength are related to compressions and rarefractions http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FOYXomUFyb8

5. 26.3 Media that Transmit Sound Sound needs something to compress to transmit energy Gases- air, usually Liquids- water (whale and dolphin communications) Solids- earthquakes, railroad tracks Sound cannot travel in space Ever hear the Death Star explode?

6. 26.4 Speed of Sound Speed of sound is dependant on how close the molecules are The closer they are, the faster the speed Solids- fastest Liquids- fast Gases- slowest Temperature dependant- the faster the molecules are moving, the faster the speed of sound v=330m/s + (T)(0.6m/°Cs) Speed of sound in air, T=temperature in °C v=d/t (still and always)

7. 26.5 Loudness Loudness- how our anatomy interprets amplitude (volume) Decibel (dB)- 1/10 th of a bel Each level 10 times as loud as the prior level

8. 26.6 Forced Vibrations Forced vibrations- a non-vibrating object that vibrates as a result of other vibrations Tuning fork alone vs. tuning fork on a tabletop

9. 26.7 Natural Frequency Natural frequency- depends on material, elasticity of object, shape of object Small brass bell vs. large brass bell Baseball bat vs. wrench dropped on the floor Champagne glass

10. 26.8 Resonance Resonance- when the frequency of a forced vibration matches a natural vibration Kicking your legs while swinging to go higher Increase in amplitude (loudness) Crest overlaps with crest Tacoma Narrows Bridge Collapse

11. 26.9 Interference Interference- waves from two separate sources overlapping Constructive interference- the crest of one wave overlaps with the crest of another wave Increases amplitude (loudness) Destructive interference- the crest of one wave overlaps with the trough of another wave Decreases amplitude (loudness) http://www.falstad.com/interference/

12. 26.10 Beats Beats- the periodic variation in loudness Caused by the interference of two slightly different frequencies www.sciencejoywagon.com/explrsci/media/tonebeat.htm Used to tune instruments C:\Program Files\Wolfram Research\Mathematica Player\7.0\MathematicaPlayer.exe C:\Program Files\Wolfram Research\Mathematica Player\7.0\MathematicaPlayer.exe