1. Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences Intellectual disability, criminal offending and victimisation in Victoria Margaret Garnsey Clayton Campus 22 nd November 2014 This project gratefully acknowledges the support provided by Victoria Police, The Department of Human Services, the Department of Justice and the Department of Health

2. February 2015 Intellectual disability, criminal offending and victimisation in Victoria 2 “For people with development disabilities, the criminal justice system is the last frontier of integration” Luckasson (1999, p1).

3. February 2015 Intellectual disability, criminal offending and victimisation in Victoria 3 Why?  Justice system is complex  PWID are at a significant disadvantage in navigating this system  Data is held across agencies- silo issues  Measurement of PWID in this system is hampered- –Definition of ID –Definition of offending, victimisation- problematic

4. 28th February 2011Intellectual disability, criminal offending and victimisation in Vitctoria: A data linkage study4 Do people with ID offend at a greater rate than the general population? Holland (2004) say no. Rates identified in CJS between 1.3% and 10% (Holland, 2004; Herrington, 2009) Prison studies, up to 28.8% (Murphy et al., 1999). Variation Lack of cohesive approach to Definition Identification Measurement

5. 28th February 2011Presentation title5 Do people with intellectual disability have a greater risk to being a victim of crime than the general population?  Evidence?  Research is sparse-sexual abuse literature is the most relevant, then violent crime  Wilson and Brewer one of the only studies to date that examines property crime  What types of crimes are PWID most likely to be victim to?

6. 28th February 2011Presentation title6 Primary Aims  To estimate the prevalence of criminal offending and victimisation in PWID in Victoria when compared with the general population  To estimate the impact that dual disability ( ID with comorbid mental illness) will have on offending and victimisation in PWID

7. 28th February 2011Presentation title7 Databases  CRIS- Department of human services database- records contacts made by individuals with intellectual disability eligible for services  LEAP- Victoria Police database- records all contact including offending, victimisation and contact as a witness.  RAPID- Mental health database- records information collected from contact with public mental health services in Victoria  NCIS- National coronial information service- records deaths and circumstances via police reports.

8. Our Samples 28th February 2011Presentation title8  ID sample –Derived from CRIS –4 cohorts- turned 18 years of age in 1994, 1999, 2004, 2009  Community sample- –Derived from AEC, truncated by age to match CRIS sample  THEN BOTH matched with LEAP, NCIS and RAPID

9. D Demographics ID sample n = 2220  Age 22-38 years  Gender- 59% male  ATSI status- 3.5% Community n = 2085  Age 15-38 years  Gender- 51.3% male  ATSI status- 0.14% 28th February 2011Presentation title9

10. Offending rates- Overall ID sample- n = 426 (19.2%) No. of incidents- 1-210 90 (21%) only a single incident Median = 6 Community sample n = 219 (10.5%) No. of incidents- 1-701 63 (29%) cases only a single incident Median = 5 28th February 2011Presentation title10

11. 28th February 2011Presentation title11 Offence type ID n%Community n%Odds ratio All42619.221910.52.0 Violent28913.0864.13.5 Sexual1175.370.316.5 Non Violent 38217.21848.82.1 Odds for offending across offence type

12. Victimisation rates- Overall ID sample- n = 599 (27%) No. of incidents- 1-29 255 (43%) only a single incident Community sample n = 828 (31%) No. of incidents- 1-16 441 (54%) cases only a single incident 28th February 2011Presentation title12

13. 28th February 2011Presentation title13 Offence type ID n%Community n%Odds ratio All59919.282739.70.56 Violent42813.01627.82.5 Sexual2135.3371.85.9 Non Violent 37617.274635.80.36 Odds for victimisation across offence type

14. Dual Disability  Overall 3X greater likelihood of mental health contact compared to community sample  CRIS- 2.2% of the sample had a psychiatric diagnosis recorded as an additional disability  RAPID- 601 (27.1%) in the ID sample had a recorded of contact with mental health services, 196 had an admission recorded  130 (21.6% of those with mental health contact) had a developmental disorder recorded on RAPID  Anxiety most common, then autism, psychotic disorders and personality disorders. 28th February 2011Presentation title14

15. 28th February 2011Presentation title15 Mental health contact and offending

16. Mental health contact and victimisation 28th February 2011Presentation title16

17. Key findings  PWID are more likely than those in the community to have a record of offending- especially VIOLENT and SEXUAL offence types  PWID are less likely to have a record of victimisation on LEAP- but much more likely to have a record of VIOLENT or SEXUAL victimisation  Mental illness contributes to the risk for offending and victimisation PWID as in the community  Risk for being a victim or perpetrator of sexual offences linked to ID 28th February 2011Presentation title17

18. 28th February 2011Presentation title18 Limitations  Charge in the ID sample and conviction in the Community sample- serous offenders are removed from he electoral role for a period of three years, therefore serious offender in the community are not represented in this sample  Diversion of ID  Underreporting of victimisation

19. Thank you  Questions? 28th February 2011Presentation title19