1. Introduction to Microbiology part 2

2. Microbiology Study of microscopic (living ) things For example: viruses, bacteria, algae, protists, fungi

3. History of Microbiology 1590 – First compound light microscope Zacharias Janssen

4. History Anton Von Leeuwenhoek 1676 –first observation of bacteria “animalcules”

5. Leeuwenhoek Learned to grind lenses to see smaller and smaller organisms First to describe bacteria in 1683 Identified yeast cells sperm and egg

6. History 1796 – First vaccine (smallpox) Edward Jenner

7. Jenner In 1796, he carried out his now famous experiment on eight-year-old James Phipps. Jenner inserted pus taken from a cowpox pustule and inserted it into an incision on the boy's arm. He was testing his theory, drawn from the folklore of the countryside, that milkmaids who suffered the mild disease of cowpox never contracted smallpox, one of the greatest killers of the period, particularly among children.

8. Jenner He was told his ideas were too dangerous. He didn’t care and even did the test on his 11 month old child. He eventually won out. Small pox has been virtually eradicated worldwide.

9. History 1857 – Germ Theory of Disease Louis Pasteur

10. –http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WNByRghR6swhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WNByRghR6sw

11. Pasteur's main contributions to microbiology and medicine were; instituting changes in hospital/medical practices to minimize the spread of disease by microbes or germs, discovering that weak forms of disease could be used as an immunization against stronger forms and that rabies was transmitted by viruses too small to be seen under the microscopes of the time, introducing the medical world to the concept of viruses.

12. History 1867 Antiseptic Surgery Joseph Lister

13. In 1861 he observed that 45–50% of amputation patients died from sepsis. In 1865 he learned of Louis Pasteur's theory that microorganisms cause infection.Louis Pasteur Using phenol as an antiseptic, he reduced mortality in his ward to 15% within four years. He is regarded as the founder of antiseptic medicine.

14. History 1884 Koch’s Postulates of Disease Transmission Robert Koch

16. Koch's Postulates Four criteria that were established by Robert Koch to identify the causative agent of a particular disease, these include: the microorganism or other pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease the pathogen can be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture the pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal the pathogen must be reisolated from the new host and shown to be the same as the originally inoculated pathogen

17. History 1885 - Vaccine against Rabies Louis Pasteur

18. Rabies enters the body through the bite of an infected animal or through infected saliva entering an existing wound. Pasteur: –Concluded that the disease stays in the CNS of the body –Took fluid from the spinal column of an infected animal –Injected it into a healthy animal; animal got rabies –Produced an attenuated form of the virus and injected into animal. Animal was immune. On July 6 1885, Pasteur tested his pioneering rabies vaccine on man for the first time. He saved the life of a young man called Joseph Meister who had been bitten by a rabid dog. Pasteur was urged to treat him with his new method. The treatment lasted 10 days and at the end he recovered and remained healthy. Since then thousands have been saved by this treatment.

19. History 1929 Discovery of Penicillin (first antibiotic) Alexander Fleming

20. In 1928, bacteriologist Alexander Fleming made a chance discovery from an already discarded, contaminated Petri dish. The mold that had contaminated the experiment turned out to contain a powerful antibiotic, penicillin. However, though Fleming was credited with the discovery, it was over a decade before someone else turned penicillin into the miracle drug for the 20th century.

21. http://videos.howstuffworks.com/science- channel/29783-100-greatest-discoveries- penicillin-video.htmhttp://videos.howstuffworks.com/science- channel/29783-100-greatest-discoveries- penicillin-video.htm

22. History 1938 – First Electron Microscope The electron microscope is capable of magnifying biological specimens up to one million times. These computer enhanced images of 1. smallpox, 2. herpes simplex, and 3. mumps are magnified, respectively, 150,000, 150,000 and 90,000 times.

23. History 1953 Structure of DNA Revealed Watson & Crick

24. History 1954 Polio Vaccine Jonas Salk

25. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= H6NkM61HlB8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= H6NkM61HlB8

26. Recent History Genetic engineering Cloning Human Genome Project Biotechnology Who knows what is next?

27. Sizes of Microbes Virus - 10 →1000 nanometers * Bacteria - 0.1 → 5 micrometers ** (Human eye ) can see.1 mm (1 x 10 -3 m) * One billionth or 1 x 10 -9 m ** One millionth or 1 x 10 -6 m

28. Bacteria

29. Tools of Microbiology Compound light Microscope - live specimens - 1,000 mag. or less Electron Microscope - non-living specimens - > 1,000 X mag. Incubator – keep microbes warm for growth

30. Techniques of Microbiology Staining – to better see structures Microbial Culture - growing the wee beasties Container for microbe culture - usually Petri dish Culture media - Food for the microbes - E.g. Agar – (from red algae) - Others such as nutrient broths

31. Pure Culture Techniques 1.Inoculation 2.Isolation 3.Identification