1. Ch 3 section 3

2. Informal Amendments Passage of basic legislation by Congress Actions taken by President Supreme Court decisions Political Party Actions Change in Customs over time

3. Interstate Commerce?? Foreign Commerce?? Pg 80

4. Executive Agreement- Agreement between the President and a leader/s from other countries Treaty- Formal agreement between two or more sovereign states

5. Powers of the Courts?- Interpret the Constitution or Legislate from the bench or both? The Supreme Court is “ a constitutional convention in continuous session.” President Woodrow Wilson

6. Electoral College Electors chosen by states legislatures in many different ways cast electoral votes to express the will of the people for president. ( usually) The Twelfth Amendment provides for each elector to cast one vote for President and one vote for Vice President. It also specifies how a President and Vice President are elected. The Twenty-third Amendment specifies how many electors the District of Columbia is entitled to have( D.C.’s electors must be equal to that of the least populated state. Currently Wyoming with 3)Twelfth AmendmentTwenty-third AmendmentDistrict of Columbia

7. The size of the Electoral College is equal to the total membership of both Houses of Congress (435 Representatives and 100 Senators) plus the three electors allocated to Washington, D.C., totaling 538 electors.Washington, D.C.

8. Each state is allocated as many electors as it has Representatives and Senators in the United States Congress.[32][33] Since the most populous states have the most seats in the House of Representatives, they also have the most electors. The six states with the most electors are California (55), Texas (34), New York (31), Florida (27), Illinois (21) and Pennsylvania (21). The seven smallest states by population—Alaska, Delaware, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming—have three electors each. State EV State EV State EV State EV Alabama 9 Indiana 11 Nebraska 5** South Carolina 8 Alaska 3 Iowa 7 Nevada 5 South Dakota 3 Arizona 10 Kansas 6 New Hampshire 4 Tennessee 11 Arkansas 6 Kentucky 8 New Jersey 15 Texas 34 California 55 Louisiana 9 New Mexico 5 Utah 5 Colorado 9 Maine 4** New York 31 Vermont 3 Connecticut 7 Maryland 10 North Carolina 15 Virginia 13 Delaware 3 Massachusetts 12 North Dakota 3 Washington 11 Florida 27 Michigan 17 Ohio 20 West Virginia 5 Georgia 15 Minnesota 10 Oklahoma 7 Wisconsin 10 Hawaii 4 Mississippi 6 Oregon 7 Wyoming 3 Idaho 4 Missouri 11 Pennsylvania 21 Washington, D.C.* 3 Illinois 21 Montana 3 Rhode Island 4 Total electors 538United States Congress[32][33]California TexasNew YorkFloridaIllinoisPennsylvaniaAlaskaDelawareMontana North DakotaSouth DakotaVermontWyomingAlabamaIndianaNebraskaSouth CarolinaAlaskaIowaNevadaSouth DakotaArizona KansasNew HampshireTennesseeArkansasKentuckyNew JerseyTexasCaliforniaLouisianaNew MexicoUtahColoradoMaineNew YorkVermontConnecticutMarylandNorth CarolinaVirginiaDelawareMassachusettsNorth Dakota WashingtonFloridaMichiganOhioWest VirginiaGeorgia MinnesotaOklahomaWisconsinHawaiiMississippiOregon WyomingIdahoMissouriPennsylvaniaWashington, D.C. IllinoisMontanaRhode Island

9. Current electoral college map

10. Obama/McCain 2008 must get to 270