1. By the early 1900’s there were three main Black leaders. W.E.B.Du Bois, Marcus Garvey and Booker T. Washington. They had different views on how to improve the lives of Black Americans

2. These leaders had very different views about how to improve the lives of Black Americans THE NAACP NAACP- National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People. Founded in 1909. First leader was W.E.B.Du Bois. First Black to be awarded a degree from Harvard. Oldest and largest US civil-rights organisation. Used legal action in its fight to improve employment, housing, voting, and education. Du Bois supported complete racial equality and disagreed with the ideas of Booker T. Washington. BOOKER T. WASHINGTON Was the son of a slave. He became well known as a teacher and made a Black School in Alabama into a big success. His main belief was that Black Americans should be trained for trades before fighting for Civil Rights and equality. In early 1900s he argued that Black people would advance only if they were educated. White Americans were pleased with Washington's speech which said that Black people should accept their inferior position in America for the present and improve themselves by hard work and education. Black leaders such as Du Bois totally refused to accept that Black Americans were inferior to White Americans.

3. Marcus Garvey Supported Black Nationalism He believed all Black Americans should return to Africa and start their own self governing country there. Garvey began his (UNIA) Universal Negro Improvement Association in New York and started a weekly newspaper, the Negro World. He encouraged Black Americans to be proud of their race and preached their return to Africa. He started his own steamship company called the Black Star Line to provide transportation to Africa. In 1920, Garvey claimed to have 2 million members for the UNIA. Garvey became less important when he was jailed for fraud in 1925. Black historians agree that his ‘Back to Africa’ movement led on to ideas in the 1960s.

4. Double V Campaign Why? A. Philip Randolph was important. What? The Double V campaign was. Why? World War Two was important to the cause of Civil Rights.

5. Double V Campaign A. Philip Randolph was an important leader who persuaded the US President to make improvements in the treatment of Black Americans. World War Two made many Black Americans question why they were fighting for freedom abroad but still had to suffer discrimination and prejudice in America. Black soldiers supported the Double V campaign- victory against their enemies abroad and at home.

6. Civil Rights and Schools Brown V The Topeka Board of Education. Little Rock, Arkansas, 1957. James Meredith and Mississippi Law School.

7. Summary The Supreme Court decided in 1954 that the idea of ‘separate but equal’ was illegal. The Supreme Court decided that segregated schools were illegal. Many states in the South did not want to desegregate their schools. US soldiers were used to protect Black students when they went to school.