1. “Distributed Algorithms” by Nancy A. Lynch SHARED MEMORY vs NETWORKS Presented By: Sumit Sukhramani Kent State University

2. Transformation from the Shared Memory Model to the Network Model Correctness conditions satisfied by the Transformations. Non fault Tolerant Strategies. Fault Tolerant Strategies.

3. Correctness Conditions The general problem is to design an asynchronous send/receive network system B with processes P i, 1<=i<=n that is an I simulation of A. The correctness conditions are: α and ά are indistinguishable to U. For each I, a stop occurs in α only if stop occurs in ά.

4. Strategies Assuming no Failures Classification of simple strategies :  Single-copy scheme *  Multi-copy schemes * * Based on number of copies of the shared variables

5. Single- Copy Schemes SimpleShVarSim Algorithm Architecture of SimpleShVarSim Q1Q1 Q2Q2 R x,1 R y,1 R y,2 R x,2

6. Strategies Assuming no Failures (contd) Location of Shared Variable Fault Tolerance Busy Waiting Multiple–copy schemes Multi-Writer Register Single-Writer Register  MajorityVotingObject algorithm

7. MajorityVotingObject algorithm Lemma17.2 The MajorityVotingObject algorithm is a read/write atomic object.  The write operations obtain tags 1,2,…, in the order of their serialization points.  Each read or embedded read obtains the largest tag that has been written by a write operation serialized before it, together with the accompanying value. Theorem 17.3: Suppose that A uses read/write shared variables. Then the MajorityVoting algorithm based on A is a 0- simulation of A.

8. Lack of Fault Tolerance in MajorityVotingObject The standard transaction implementations are not fault tolerant for an atomic object x. Example: A process performing a read transaction might send out messages to read a majority of the copies to become locked. The same process might fail without releasing its locks which would prevent any later write transaction from ever obtaining the locks it requires. Solution: Use timeouts to detect process failures.

9. Algorithm Tolerating Process Failures // Assumption is that majority of the processes do not fail n > 2f // // Assumption is that the network is reliable // // Considering only the case of single-writer/multi-reader read/write shared memory. Implementation involves that each read/write shared variable x, of a read/write atomic object guaranteeing f-failure termination. It also involves assuming operations on specific ports. The central concept is that the result of each write is stored at a majority of the nodes in the network before the write completes.

10. ABDObject algorithm (Write) Each of the processes maintains a copy of x together with a tag. When writer process wants to perform a write(v) on x, it lets t be the smallest tag that it has not yet assigned to any write. Then it sets its local copy of x and local tag to v and t, respectively, and sends (“write”, v, t) messages to all the other processes. A process receiving this message updates its copy of x and the tag (if the tag is greater than the current tag). Finally it sends an acknowledgement to the writer. When the writer knows that majority of processes have their tag values equal to t, it returns ack.

11. ABDObject algorithm (Read) When a process wants to read x, it sends read messages to all the other processes and also reads its own value of x and its own tag. A process receiving this message responds with the latest value of x and tag. When the process has learned the x and tag values of a majority of the processes, it returns the value of x along with the largest tag t. The process also updates its own value of variable and the tag. Finally the processes after updating their value of x and tag send an ack.

12. Theorem 17.4 The ABDObject algorithm for n > 2f is a read/write atomic object guaranteeing f-failure termination. The algorithm is well formed and and has f-failure termination because each operation requires only majority of processes to decide. Serialization can be shown from the following properties:  If a write π with tag = t completes before a read ø is invoked, then ø obtains a tag that is at least as large as t.  If read π completes before read ø is invoked, then the tag obtained by ø is at least as great as that obtained by π.

13. Impossibility result for n/2 failures ABD algorithm does not tolerate f failures if n <= 2f. This is because the failure of this many processes make the other processes permanently unable to secure the majorities. Theorem 17.6 Let n = m + p where m, p >=1, and suppose that n <= 2f. Then there is no algorithm in the asynchronous broadcast model that implements a read/write atomic object with m writers and p readers, guaranteeing f-failure termination. Proving by contradiction. The theorem implies that for any fixed n and f where n >= 2 and f >= n/2 there can be no general method for producing f simulations if n process shared memory algorithms even if the underlying shared variables are restricted to be single writer/single reader registers.

14. Transformations from the Network to the Shared Memory Model  In this transformation there is no special requirement on the number of failures and this works even if n <= 2f. The constructions are simpler.  The reason for this is that the asynchronous model is more powerful than the asynchronous network model. The reason behind this is the availability of reliable shared memory.

15. Send/Receive Systems (single-writer/single-reader registers) The general problem is to produce a shared memory system B with n processes using single writer/single registers that simulate A. SimpleSRSim algorithm  B includes a single writer/single reader shared variable x(i,j) writable by process i and readable by process j. It contains a queue of messages initially empty. Process i only adds messages to the queue, no removals happen.  From time to time process i checks all the incoming variables x(j,i) in order to find if any new messages have been placed.  Finally process i handles the messages as P i does.

16. Broadcast Systems (single-writer/multi-reader registers)  SimpleBcastSim algorithm  B includes a single writer/multi reader shared variable x(i) writable by I and readable by all processes. It also contains a queue of messages initially empty.  Process I adds the message m to the end of the queue in the variable x(i). From time to time process i checks all the variables x(j) including x(i) in order to find if any new messages have been placed.  Finally process i handles the messages as P i does