1. Ethics of Scientific Publication Barbara Gastel, MD, MPH bgastel@cvm.tamu.edu VIMD 686, Spring 2012

2. Overview Ethics: some approaches and principles Scientific publication: ethical norms and issues Some resources

3. Notes Let’s make this session interactive Some points in this session will be discussed further by speakers later in this course

4. Ethics: Some Approaches Deontological Teleological Other

5. Ethics: Some Principles Nonmaleficence: not doing harm Beneficence: doing good Autonomy: promotion of self-determination of others Justice: fairness Universalizability: applicability in other such circumstances Rationality: ability to give good reasons

6. A Distinction: Ethics versus Etiquette (in other words: “crooks versus jerks”)

7. Scientific Publication: Ethical Norms and Issues

8. Authenticity (not fabrication)

9. Accuracy Providing complete data (not only those supporting your hypothesis) Avoiding inappropriate manipulation of images such as photographs Using appropriate statistical procedures

10. Originality Not republishing the same findings (except under special circumstances, with the original source cited) Not submitting the same manuscript to two or more journals at once Not dividing one modest-sized research project into many little papers (“salami science”)

11. Credit Citing sources of information and ideas (also aids credibility, helps in finding out more) Avoiding excessive use of others’ words –Recording sources when copying items or taking notes –Placing in quotation marks, or indenting, items used verbatim –Perhaps drafting some items while not looking at the source materials

12. Credit (continued) Observing copyright and obtaining needed permissions Assigning authorship appropriately –Avoiding guest authors and ghost authors –If applicable, assigning contributorship –Acknowledging sources of assistance

13. Ethical Treatment of Humans and Animals (and documentation thereof in publications)

14. Disclosure of Conflicts of Interest Financial Other

15. Some Areas Where Graduate Students May Face Ethical Issues Authorship Choice of journals Collaboration in peer reviewing Other

16. Ethical Publication Not only avoiding bad practices (fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, etc) but also doing good Therefore, obligations –To publish –To present work in a way that is readily understood

17. Some Resources

18. On Being a Scientist: Responsible Conduct in Research, 3rd edition (2009) From the US National Academies Largely for graduate students Available at http://www.nap.edu/c atalog.php?record_id =12192 http://www.nap.edu/c atalog.php?record_id =12192 Video also posted

19. Other Resources CSE’s White Paper on Promoting Integrity in Scientific Journal Publications, 2009 update –From the Council of Science Editors –Posted at http://www.councilscienceeditors.org/i4a/page s/index.cfm?pageid=3331 http://www.councilscienceeditors.org/i4a/page s/index.cfm?pageid=3331 How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper, 7th edition, by Robert A. Day and Barbara Gastel

20. AuthorAID (www.authoraid.info)www.authoraid.info

21. Wishing you all the best!