1. PLANTING MATERIAL AND THEIR MANAGEMENT IN GRAPES NextEnd

2. Planting material and their management in grapes Propagation Grapes can be multiplied both by seeds and vegetative means, but the most widely used commercial method is cuttage. Hardwood cuttings give better results when compared to semi- hardwood and soft-wood cuttings. Multiplication on Own Roots (cottage) Grapes are multiplied exclusively by the rooting of hardwood cuttings. Cuttings are usually prepared from one-year-old woods (canes) at the time of pruning during dormancy period of vines. Well matured canes obtained in September/October are selected. Usually cuttings of about 20-30 cm length having at least 3-4 nodes are used. (Cont)…. NextPreviousEnd

3. Hard Wood cutting cuttings Root initiation Rooted cuttings The fresh cuttings are soaked in running water for 24 hours to leach out the water-soluble rooting inhibitors. The basal parts of cuttings are then dipped in a 2,000 ppm strong IBA solution for five minutes before planting. It is also a practice to plant the cuttings in situ when three to four cuttings prepared and treated as above are planted at each spot in the main field. NextPreviousEnd

4. Raising on Rootstocks Though grapes are widely propagated through cuttings, use of resistant rootstocks becomes necessary under infestation by nematodes, other pests and diseases and also under soil salinity conditions. In such conditions, chip budding is the best method for most varieties. Green grafting using bud scion of new growth on to the current seasons growth having white pith is successful. Rootstocks should be selected based on growing conditions prevalent in the area. Nematode resistant rootstocks Phylloxera resistant rootstocks Salinity tolerant rootstocks Drought tolerant rootstocks NextPreviousEnd Commonly used rootstocks are:

5. Nematode resistant rootstocks Dogridge (Vitis champini) 1613 (Solonis x Othello 1613) Salt creek / Ramsey (Vitis champini) 1616 / Solonis Riparia 1616 ( V. solon is x V. riparia) Freedom Harmony Phylloxera resistant rootstocks Riparia Glorie (Seedling selection from Vi tis riparia) St. George / Rupestris 51. George ( Vitis rupestris) Coudera 1202 (Mourvedra x Rupestris No.1) 99-R /Richter 99 ( Berlandieri x Rupestris No.99) Teleki 5-A (V. berlandieri x V. riparia) 3306, 3309, A x R1 and Selection Oppenheim No.4 NextPreviousEnd

6. Salinity tolerant rootstocks Salt Creek, Dogridge, 1613, Rupestris du hot and 99 - R Drought tolerant rootstocks Highly tolerant: 110 Richter and Ruggeri Tolerant: 1103 Panlsen, 504 and 99 Richter Less tolerant: Rupestris du hot (St.George) NextPreviousEnd

7. In situ grafting For grafting in grapes, mature stick of about 8 mm diameter is to be used as stocks. Shoot growth of rootstocks takes place slowly and weakly. For example, Dogridge rootstock takes more than 10 - 12 months to attain graftable thickness at desired height of 45 - 60 cm when raised in nursery bed or in poly bags. Grafting in situ is hence advisable for better results. Selected rootstocks planted in main field are trained and pruned to two strong shoots to attain maturity and graftage size of 8 mm. (Cont)…. NextPreviousEnd

8. Planting Site selected for establishing vineyard should be suitable for commercial cultivation. Conducive climatic and soil conditions, nearness to market, facilities for transport, storage and processing are main factors to be taken into account. Selected area should be cleaned off weeds and leveled before taking pits. Layout of vineyard is to be preplanned. The most common method of planting is square system, especially for vigorous varieties. Rectangular system is followed for less vigorous varieties and for mechanized cultivation. Spacing mainly depends upon varietal characters and training method followed. (Cont)…. NextPreviousEnd

9. In general, planting distance varies from 3x3, 4x3, 5x3, 5x5, 3x5, 6x6, 6x3 m and so on. Specific examples include 3x5 m for Muscat, 5x5 m or 6x6 m for Anab-e- Shahi and Dilkhush, 1.8 x 2.5 m for Thompson Seedless on bower system and 1.8x3.0 m when trellised. Vigorous varieties are usually spaced at 3.6x3.6 m on bower system and at 3.6x3.0 m on telephone and trellis systems. Medium and low vigorous varieties are trained on head system at 3.0 x 2.4 m spacing. Pits of 75-120 cm are taken in prepared land as per pre decided layout system. Precaution to prevent termite attack by dusting with aldrin in pits is a common practice. (Cont)…. NextPreviousEnd

10. Pits are filled using topsoil, farmyard manure along with one kg super phosphate and 0.5 kg potash per pit. Pits are then irrigated thoroughly and left for settling. Rooted cuttings are planted in small holes prepared in centre of pits. Planting of two rooted cuttings and 3-5 unrooted cuttings in situ is practiced in certain areas and only one vigorously growing healthy vine is finally retained in each pit. Season of planting varies from place to place. Ideal time is from January to June. For in situ budding or grafting, rootstocks are planted and grafting operation carried out during July-August. (Cont)…. Planting NextPreviousEnd

11. Staking of newly planted vine, shading to protect from direct sunlight and generous irrigation are immediate operations to be taken up after planting. Vines are usually planted in centre between vertical posts of bower 2nd telephone systems of training and are supported so as to reach the height at which lateral growth is allowed. Practice of planting vine along shady side of pole can avoid using extra support and here planting can be done in same pit dug for the post. Stacking NextPreviousEnd

12. Manures and fertilizers Balanced nutrition is must in grape for proper growth, development and productivity of vines. Nutrient requirement varied among varieties and according to stage of growth. In general, grape vine is a voracious feeder. Amount of nutrients taken in by grape for production of one-tonne yield is 8.0 kg N, 2.0 kg P and 9.0 kg K. Nutrient elements both macro and micro, play significant roles in growth and development of grapes. Phosphorous is necessary at flower bud initiation stage. Optimum phosphorus nutrition promotes fruitfulness and its deficiency results in reduction of inflorescence formation. (Cont)…. NextPreviousEnd

13. Application of Manure and Fertilizers As vineyard soils are either sandy loams or heavy clays, the usage of organic manure has assumed high importance in India. While 40 percent of the annual dose is given through organic sources, 60 percent is given as inorganic fertilizer. The annual dose is fixed based on the petiole analysis carried out at 45 days after spur pruning. A standard dose of 500:500:1000 kg of N, P 2 O 5 and K 2 O per hectare is followed in light sandy soils, while 660:880:660 kg are applied for heavy clay soils. NextPreviousEnd

14. Calcium ammonium nitrate is usually not used. 40 percent of N, 50 percent of P 2 O 5 and 33 percent of K 2 O of the annual dose is given during the growth season and the rest in the fruiting season. Recently application of soluble fertilizers through drip irrigation is picking up. Sulphate of potash is the only source of potash used in place of muriate, particularly in heavy clay soils. NextPreviousEnd

15. Manures and fertilizers (Kg per vine) for different varieties VARIETY FYM GREEN LEAVES NPK IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Muscat50 10050 1000.100.20 0.080.16 0.300.400.60 Pachadraksha Thompson seedless 50 10050 1000.200.300.400.080.160.240.400.801.20 Sonaka, Manikchaman Sharad seedless, Anab-e-Shahi 50 10050 1000.200.400.600.080.160.240.400.801.20 The manures should be applied twice after pruning. Apply half the dose of potash immediately after pruning and the other half after 60 days of pruning. Foliar spray of 0.1% Boric acid + 0.2% ZnSO4 + 1.0% Urea twice before flowering and 10 days after first spray should be done to overcome nutrient deficiency. NextPreviousEnd

16. NextPreviousEnd Assessment: 1) _______________ give better results when compared to other cutting methods. a) Hardwood cuttings b)Semihard wood cuttings c). Soft wood cuttings 2) Dogridge rootstock was resistant to ____________ (Nematode). 3) Insitu grafting method was followed in grapes (True/ False). 4. The most common method of planting is __________, especially for vigorous varieties a)Square system b)Rectangular system c)Triangular system 5. ______________of grafting was followed in grapes cultivation. (wedge method)

17. Previous References:  Sawant, S.D. and I.S. Sawant. 1999. Effect of essential oils in controlling post - harvest pathogens. Annual Report (1998-99) of National Research Centre for Grapes. pp. 35.  Somkuwar, R.G., S.D. Ramteke and S.D. Shikhamany. 1999. Effect of growth regulators on productivity and quality of grapes. Annual report (1998-99) of National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune. pp. 21.  Singh, P.V. 1999. Note on effect of thiourea on breaking of dormancy of grapevine buds. India, J. Hort. 56(4): 312 - 313.  Pramanick, P.K., V.P. Sharma, P.C. Jindal, S.K. Saxena and S.K. Singh. 2001. Effect of different bud-breaking chemicals for hastening maturity in Pusa Seedless grape (Vits vinifera L.). Indian J. Hort., 58(3): 232 - 238.