2. ACADEMIC ENGLISH III October 17 th 2012

3. Today Quotation and paraphrasing practice.

4. Direct quotations Usually need reporting verbs or phrases: - assert- according to - insist- As XYZ says - claim - say - state - suggest

5. Direct quotations It seems apparent that if athletes want to win, they must consider using drugs. Dr. Michael Karsten, a Dutch physician who said he has prescribed steroids to hundreds of athletes, states, “If you are especially gifted, you may win once, but from my experience you can’t continue to win without drugs. The field is just too filled with drug users” (Bamberger and Yaeger, 1997: 62).

6. Indirect quotations It seems apparent that if athletes want to win, they must consider using drugs. Dr. Michael Karsten, a Dutch physician who said he had prescribed steroids to hundreds of athletes, stated that if [athletes] were especially gifted, [they] might win once, but from his experience [they] couldn’t continue to win without drugs. He asserted that the field was just too filled with drug users (Bamberger and Yaeger, 2010, p. 62).

7. Changing Direct Quotations to Indirect 1. Remove the quotation marks (“ “) 2. Add the subordinator that. 3. Change verb tense if necessary. - Remember tense rules. 4. Change pronouns (and time expressions if necessary) to maintain the sense of the original.

8. Practice sample The increased use of computers in business has been accompanied by a costly increase in computer crime. The losses to victims of computer crimes are very high. Cybercrime author, Meredith Bruce claimed that the financial losses to business from computer thefts would exceed $85 billion in 2015 (Bruce, 2008: 185). Computer criminals steal not only money but also information. For example, they steal confidential business records, customer lists, and corporate plans. As Bruce stated, It is not just the money they steal; they steal data, and data is power.” (Bruce, 2008: 190).

9. Practice sample The increased use of computers in business has been accompanied by a costly increase in computer crime. The losses to victims of computer crimes are very high. Cybercrime author, Meredith Bruce claimed that the financial losses to business from computer thefts would exceed $85 billion in 2015 (Bruce, 2008: 185). Computer criminals steal not only money but also information. For example, they steal confidential business records, customer lists, and corporate plans. As Bruce stated, “It is not just the money they steal; they steal data, and data is power.” (Bruce, 2008: 190). Bruce, M. (2008). Cybercrime. New York: Wexler.

10. Paraphrasing Putting a passage into your own words without changing the meaning. - Used to clarify meaning. - Used to (slightly) shorten a longer statement, maintaining the main ideas.

11. How to paraphrase o Read the passage carefully. o o Decide the main ideas of the passage. o Highlight important words or phrases. o Put the main points in your own words.

12. Paraphrase Example 1 Passage from a Book: Ancient Egyptians believed that Osiris, a good and wise king, was the first pharaoh. He spread knowledge to other parts of the world, while his wife, Isis, ruled Egypt in his place.

13. Good Paraphrase Example HIGHLIGHTED PASSAGE Ancient Egyptians believed that Osiris, a good and wise king, was the first pharaoh. He spread knowledge to other parts of the world, while his wife, Isis, ruled Egypt in his place ORIGINAL PASSAGE Ancient Egyptians believed that Osiris, a good and wise king, was the first pharaoh. He spread knowledge to other parts of the world, while his wife, Isis, ruled Egypt in his place. PARAPHRASED PASSAGE King Osiris was the first pharaoh and spread knowledge. Queen Isis ruled Egypt when he was gone.

14. Bad Example Original Passage Ancient Egyptians believed that Osiris, a good and wise king, was the first pharaoh. He spread knowledge to other parts of the world, while his wife, Isis, ruled Egypt in his place. Highlighted Passage Ancient Egyptians believed that Osiris, a good and wise king, was the first pharaoh. He spread knowledge to other parts of the world, while his wife, Isis, ruled Egypt in his place. Poor Paraphrasing King Osiris was an ancient Egyptian King and the first pharaoh. He was good and wise because he spread knowledge to other parts of the world. His wife Isis ruled Egypt in his place.

15. Paraphrase Example 2 Passage from a Book: Upon returning home, Osiris was murdered by his evil brother Set, who cut Osiris’s body into pieces and dumped it in the Nile River. Isis found the body and put it back together by winding linen bandages around it.

16. Good Example Original Passage Upon returning home, Osiris was murdered by his evil brother, Set who cut his body into pieces and dumped it in the Nile River. Isis found the body and put it back together by winding linen bandages around it. Highlighted Passage Upon returning home, Osiris was murdered by his evil brother, Set who cut his body into pieces and dumped it in the Nile River. Isis found the body and put it back together by winding linen bandages around it. Paraphrased Passage Osiris’s brother Set killed Osiris by cutting his body into pieces, and Isis put the body back together.

17. Bad Example Original Passage Upon returning home, Osiris was murdered by his evil brother, Set who cut his body into pieces and dumped it in the Nile River. Isis found the body and put it back together by winding linen bandages around it. Highlighted Passage Upon returning home, Osiris was murdered by his evil brother, Set who cut his body into pieces and dumped it in the Nile River. Isis found the body and put it back together by winding linen bandages around it. Poor Paraphrasing Osiris was murdered and Isis found the body

18. Practice Remember: o Read the passage carefully o Find the main ideas o Highlight important words or phrases o Put the main points in your own words

19. Practice Passage: In 1857, a British expedition led by Richard Burton and John Speke set out to find the great lakes shown on Ptolemy’s map. After reaching Lake Tanganyika, the two men split up because Burton was ill.

20. Example Which one is the best? o Richard Burton and his friend looked for the great lakes shown on Ptolemy’s map. The men split up. o In 1857, Richard Burton and John Speke searched for the great lakes on Ptolemy’s map, but they had to split up when Burton was ill. o Two men from Britain looked for the great lakes but had to split up because one was ill. Which one is the best? -the highlighted one is correct o Richard Burton and his friend looked for the great lakes shown on Ptolemy’s map. The men split up. o In 1857, Richard Burton and John Speke searched for the great lakes on Ptolemy’s map, but they had to split up when Burton was ill. o Two men from Britain looked for the great lakes but had to split up because one was ill

21. Practice Passage: Speke discovered Victoria Nyanza and was convinced that the White Nile Flowed from it. A second expedition proved him right when he found the outlet of the Nile at a waterfall which he named Ripon Falls.

22. Example Original Passage Speke discovered Victoria Nyanza and was convinced that the White Nile flowed from it. A second expedition proved him right when he found the outlet of the Nile at a waterfall which he named Ripon Falls. Highlighted Passage Speke discovered Victoria Nyanza and was convinced that the White Nile flowed from it. A second expedition proved him right when he found the outlet of the Nile at a waterfall which he named Ripon Falls. Paraphrased Passage Speke discovered Victoria Nyanza and found the outlet of the Nile which he called the Ripon Falls.