1. G.4.3: Nature Reserves

2. Biodiversity ‘hotspots’

7. IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature* What is IUCN? “IUCN, the International Union for Conservation of Nature, helps the world find pragmatic solutions to our most pressing environment and development challenges. It supports scientific research, manages field projects all over the world and brings governments, non-government organizations, United Nations agencies, companies and local communities together to develop and implement policy, laws and best practice.” IUCN’s vision and mission “Our vision is a just world that values and conserves nature. Our mission is to influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable.” * http://www.iucn.org/

9. Existing Marine Protected Areas The official federal definition of an MPA in Executive Order 13158 is: “any area of the marine environment that has been reserved by federal, state, tribal, territorial, or local laws or regulations to provide lasting protection for part or all of the natural and cultural resources therein.” National Marine Protected Areas Center (http://mpa.gov/) two characteristics in the Classification System (out of five characteristics) – Conservation Focus – Level of Protection Madagascar Marine protected area

10. IUCN cat 1: Strict nature reserves or wilderness areas Protected areas managed primarily for biological diversity Includes natures reserves established for scientific study, education, environmental monitoring, and maintenance of biodiversity Wilderness areas are maintained for recreation, for subsistence economic activities, and to protect natural processes.

11. IUCN 6. Managed-resource protected areas water, grazing, ecotourism, timber, fishing preserves some aspects of biodiversity

12. Galapagos Nature Reserve In 1959, the Government of Ecuador declared all uninhabited areas of Galapagos a national park In 1978 UNESCO designated Galapagos as the first World Heritage site and the Galapagos Marine Reserve received the same status in 1998 The Galapagos is second only to the Great Barrier Reef National Park of Australia in terms of the size of marine area protected (80780miles 2 /130000km 2 ) The Galapagos National Park Service is the main government authority which oversees the safeguarding of the islands' natural resources

13. Nature Reserve Design

14. Principles of reserve design that are based in part on theories of island biogeography

15. Figure 7.6 Principles of reserve design that are based in part on theories of island biogeography (Part 2)

16. A critical issue for reserve design: Connecting fragmented habitats Corridors periodic movement migration, seasonal movements immigration & emigration metapopulation context MUMS= multiple use modules: central, well protected area surrounded by buffer zones. management to preserve core area What does a corridor look like? Line corridor entirely edge hedgerow, utility strip Strip corridor broader with interior habitat and patch dynamics

17. Nature Reserves: Corridor Effect: connecting fragmented habitats Corridors allow periodic movement migration, seasonal movements immigration & emigration

18. Nature Reserves: Edge Effect

19. Buffer zones 1.zoning 2.model – reserve core – buffer zone (compatible with core goals) – transition zone (can link several reserve systems)

20. Active Management of Nature Reserves You are going to present on active management techniques in the Galapagos on Monday…

21. Aspects of active management of Nature Reserves

22. Endangered species: In-situ versus Ex- situ conservation