1. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Climate Change Projections for India and Assessment of the Associated Agricultural and Human Health Impacts (A NATCOM Project) Principal Investigators K. Rupa Kumar and K. Krishna Kumar Co-Principal Investigators Nayana R. Deshpande and Savita K. Patwardhan Project Assistant V. Prasanna

2. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune (An Autonomous Institute under Dept. of Science & Technology, Govt. of India) Established 1962 Established 1962 Initially part of IMD Initially part of IMD Autonomous in 1971 Autonomous in 1971 100 Scientists 100 Scientists Focus on Monsoon Research Focus on Monsoon Research Climate Diagnostics and Modelling Climate Diagnostics and Modelling

3. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Main Activities Proposed Development of Climate Change Scenarios of Rainfall and Temperature over India Development of Climate Change Scenarios of Rainfall and Temperature over India V&A in the Indian Agricultural Sector V&A in the Indian Agricultural Sector Climate and Malaria Climate and Malaria High-resolution Climate Change Scenarios High-resolution Climate Change Scenarios

4. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Indian Summer Monsoon Flow

5. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Monsoon Variability IntraseasonalInterannualDecadal/CenturyMillennia & longer Onset/withdrawal; Active and break- monsoon phases; 30-50 day oscillations; severe rainstorms Droughts and floods Changes in the frequency of droughts and floods Changes in the areal extents of monsoons Atmospheric variability; tropical- midlatitude interactions; Soil moisture; Sea surface temperatures Atmospheric interactions; El Niño/ Southern Oscillation; Top layers of tropical oceans; Snow cover; Land surface characteristics Monsoon circulation variations; Deep ocean changes; Greenhouse gases increase; Human activities; Biospheric changes; Volcanic dust Global climate excursions; Ice ages; Warm epochs; Sun-earth geometry Factors Features

6. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Mean Annual Cycle of All-India Mean Monthly Rainfall

7. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 The Stability of the Indian Summer Monsoon

8. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 All-India Summer Monsoon Rainfall (1871-2001) (Based on IITM Homogeneous Monthly Rainfall Data Set)

9. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Schematic view of sea surface temperature and tropical rainfall in the the equatorial Pacific Ocean during normal, El Niño, and La Niña conditions....

10. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Global Impacts of El Nino

11. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Long-term Trends in Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall

12. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Long-term Trends in Annual Mean Surface Air Temperature

13. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Climate Scenarios: What are they ? A climate scenario is a plausible representation of future climate that has been constructed for explicit use in investigating the potential impacts of anthropogenic climate change.

14. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Uncertainties in Climate Scenarios Specifying alternative emissions futures Specifying alternative emissions futures Uncertainties in converting emissions to concentrations Uncertainties in converting emissions to concentrations Uncertainties in converting concentrations to radiative forcing Uncertainties in converting concentrations to radiative forcing Uncertainties in modelling the climate response to a given radiative forcing Uncertainties in modelling the climate response to a given radiative forcing Uncertainties in converting model response into inputs for impact studies Uncertainties in converting model response into inputs for impact studies

15. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Climate System

16. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Climate Models Simplified mathematical representation of the Earth’s climate system Simplified mathematical representation of the Earth’s climate system Skill depends on the level of our understanding of the physical, geophysical, chemical and biological processes that govern the climate system Skill depends on the level of our understanding of the physical, geophysical, chemical and biological processes that govern the climate system Substantial improvements over the last two decades Substantial improvements over the last two decades Sub-models : atmosphere, ocean, land surface, cryosphere, biosphere Sub-models : atmosphere, ocean, land surface, cryosphere, biosphere Typical Resolution of global models (atmosphere) : Horizontal - 250 km; Vertical – 1 km Typical Resolution of global models (atmosphere) : Horizontal - 250 km; Vertical – 1 km Small-scale processes : Parameterization Small-scale processes : Parameterization Coupled models (e.g., atmosphere-ocean) Coupled models (e.g., atmosphere-ocean) Sensitivity studies/Future projections Sensitivity studies/Future projections Internal variability/Ensemble runs Internal variability/Ensemble runs

17. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 IS92A Scenarios of Rainfall and Temperature over India Using greenhouse gas forced (following IS92A scenarios) simulations of 8 different coupled ocean-atmopshere general circulation models, the rainfall and temperature scenarios for 2061-80 compared to the baseline period of 1961-90 are presented in the following figures for the Indian region. The simulations of eight models used are: 1.Canadian Center for Climate modeling (CCC) model. 2.Center for Climate Research studies (CCSR) model. 3.Australia's Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) model. 4.Deutsches Kilma Rechen Zentrum (DKRZ) model. 5.Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) model. 6.Hadley Centered model.(HadCM3) 7.Max-planck Institute(MPI) model. 8.National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) model.

18. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Global Summer (JJAS) Precipitation Patterns simulated by 9 coupled AOGCMs

19. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Indian Summer Monsoon Patterns as simulated by 8 coupled AOGCMs

20. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Annual Surface Air Temperature Patterns over India simulated by 8 coupled AOGCMs

21. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Monsoon Precipitation Change (% of 2061-80 as compared to 1961-90 period) due to Greenhouse Gas Increase

22. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Annual Surface Temperatur e Change (Deg. C in 2061-80 compared to 1961-90 period) due to Greenhouse Gas Increase

23. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Climate Change Scenarios of Rainfall over the Indian Region in 8 Coupled Models

24. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Climate Change Scenarios of Surface Temperature over the Indian Region in 8 Coupled Models

25. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 A1: A world of rapid economic growth and rapid introductions of new and more efficien technologies A2: A very heterogenous world with an emphasis on familiy values and local traditions B1: A world of „dematerialization“ and introduction of clean technologies B2: A world with an emphasis on local solutions to economic and environmental sustainability IPCC 2001 climate change scenarios 8 state-of-the-art climate models run until 2100 with various emission scenarios

26. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 SRES CO2 Emissions

27. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Predicted precipitation change 2080-2000 Source: IPCC 2001 Cubasch

28. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Predicted precipitation change 2080-2000 Source: IPCC 2001 Cubasch

29. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003

31. CCSR SRES A2 Scenario of Monsoon Rainfall in the 21 st Century

32. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 CCSR SRES A2 Scenario of Annual Temperature in the 21 st Century

33. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Climate Signal in Indian Agriculture

34. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Kharif Rice Production in India and its Relation to Indian Rainfall

35. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Winter Wheat Production in India and its Relation to Indian Rainfall

36. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Relation between Indian Rice Production and the Sea Surface Temperatures in the Global Oceans

37. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Kharif Groundnut Production and its relation to Indian Rainfall

38. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 State-wise Food Production and its Relation to Sub- divisional Rainfall

39. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Climate Impacts on Malaria

40. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003

41. Impact of Antecedent Pre-Monsoon Rains on the Incidence of Malaria in India

42. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003

46. The Hadley Centre Regional Climate Models (HadRM2/HadRM3) High-resolution limited area model driven at its lateral and sea- surface boundaries by output from HadCM High-resolution limited area model driven at its lateral and sea- surface boundaries by output from HadCM Formulation identical to HadAM Formulation identical to HadAM Grid : 0.44° x 0.44° Grid : 0.44° x 0.44° One-way nesting One-way nesting Joint Indo-UK Collaborative research programme on climate change impacts in India Joint Indo-UK Collaborative research programme on climate change impacts in India Climate change simulations performed by the Hadley Centre using HadRM2 for the Indian region (the output is being currently analysed by IITM) Climate change simulations performed by the Hadley Centre using HadRM2 for the Indian region (the output is being currently analysed by IITM) HadRM3 installed at IITM; Climate change simulations and scenario development will be performed at IITM HadRM3 installed at IITM; Climate change simulations and scenario development will be performed at IITM

47. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Model Orographies in GCM and RCM

48. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Observed and Simulated Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (GCM vs. RCM)

49. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Observed and Simulated (GCM and RCM) Surface Air Temperature over India

50. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Indian Summer Monsoon Simulations by HadRM2

51. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Indian Annual Surface Temperature Simulations by HadRM2

52. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Simulation of No. of Rainy Days in the Hadley Center Regional Model and likely future changes in 2041-60

53. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Intensity (mm/day) of Rainfall per rainy day and likely future changes in 2041-2060

54. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Impact of Climate Change on the daily Extreme Rainfall (cm) amounts in India

55. NATCOM Project Mid-term Evaluation - 27.02.2003 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements We wish to place on record our sincere thanks to UNFCC/GEF/UNDP/MOEF/GOI for necessary financial support to undertake this project under the India’s initial National Communication (NATCOM) being co-ordinated through Winrock International India, New Delhi