1. Questionnaires and Survey Design

2. Target population Sampling frame Not included in sampling frame Not eligible for survey Cannot be contacted Refuse to respond Incapable of responding SAMPLED POULATION

3. Considering survey methods There is no best method Each method has strengths and weaknesses Ask yourself 1.”Who are the survey respondents?” 2. Is the research question more amenable to one method than to another?”

5. Other Considerations 1.Administrative factors such as cost, time, geographic distribution 2.Questionnaire issues such as branching, complexity of questions, sensitivity issues, rapport with respondent 3.Data quality issues such as bias, knowledge about refusals and non- contacts, control of replies

6. Mailed questionnaires Cost is relatively low Response rate may be poor and biased towards more educated and those with an interest in the topic No knowledge about non-response Long time between data collection and analysis Geographic distribution can be wide

7. Telephone surveys Most widely used type Numbers are selected randomly from a phone book or by generating random numbers (RDD: (Random Digit Dialling) Problems include unlisted numbersLandline coverage is decreasing so increasing bias against the young (no directory for cell phones) Geographic distribution can be wide Data collection period can be short Questions must be short and simple

9. Face-to-face surveys Cost is high Data collection period is long Geographic distribution must be clustered Good rapport Take a long time Good control and quality of responses Sensitivity issues fair quality

11. Internet Low cost (no paper, no data entry costs) data collection is quick Geographic distribution may be wide Questionnaires may be complex because the skips are programmed in Pop-up instructions, videos, voice-overs, animation are available to make it more fun and dynamic If self-selected, results may be biased.