1. Animal Structures & Functions
Chapter 20

2. Introductory Activity
Draw the outline of a human body
Locate and draw the brain, stomach, kidneys, heart and lungs paying attention to their shapes and relative sizes

3. There are 12 Organ Systems in the Human Body
Name them

6. The Nervous System Structures: Function
Brain, Spinal cord, Peripheral Nerves
Function
Coordinates the body’s response to changes in its internal and external environments

7. The Integumentary System
Structures:
Skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands
Function
Serves as a barrier against infection and injury
Helps to regulate body temperature
Provides protection against uv radiation

8. The Respiratory System
Structures:
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles & lungs, diaphragm
Function
Provides oxygen needed for cellular respiration and removes excess carbon dioxide from the body

9. The Digestive System Structures: Function
Mouth, pharynx, esophagous, stomach, small & large intestines
Associated organs; liver, gall bladder, pancreas
Function
Converts foods into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body
Absorbs food

10. The Excretory System Structures: Function
Skin, lungs, kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Function
Eliminates waste products of metabolism from the body
Maintains homeostasis

11. The Skeletal System Structures: Function
Bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons
Function
Supports the body
Protects internal organs
Allows movement
Stores mineral reserves
Provide a site for blood cell formation

12. The Muscular System Structures: Function
Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle
Function
Works with skeletal system to produce voluntary movement
Helps circulate blood and move food through the digestive system

13. The Circulatory System
Structures:
Heart, blood vessels, blood
Function
Brings oxygen, nutrients and hormones to cells
Fights infection
Regulates body temperature

14. The Endocrine System Structures: Function
Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pancrease, ovaries (), testes ()
Function
Controls growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction

15. The Reproductive System
Structures:
Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra and penis (males)
Ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina (females)
Function
Produces reproductive cells
In females, nurtures and protects developing embryo

16. The Lymphatic & Immune Systems
Structures:
White blood cells, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymph vessels
Function
Helps protect the body from disease
Collects fluid lost from blood vessels and returns it to the circulatory system

17. Homeostasis
All of the organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis
Homeostasis is the process by which an organism maintains a relatively stable internal environment 37°C, salt concentrations, elimination of wastes, delivery of nutrients and oxygen, etc.)

18. An Important Process
While walking along a dusty path, you begin to cough. As you continue your walk, a small insect comes flying toward you. You blink and then duck so that it misses you. These actions are just a few examples of homeostasis. Homeostasis is the process by which organisms keep internal conditions relatively constant despite changes in their external environments.
1. List three other examples of homeostasis that occur in organisms.
2. Why is homeostasis important to an organism?

19. Homeostasis and the Control of Body Temperature

20. Structural Hierarchy in Animals

21. Major Types of Tissues
Muscle
Epithelial
Connective
Nervous

22. Muscle Tissue Most abundant
Controls internal movement of food (digestive system) and blood (circulatory system), air (respiratory system)
Controls external movement (voluntary movement)

23. Muscle Tissue cont…

24. Epithelial Tissue Covers the body’s surface and lines internal organs.
Makes up glands which produce and secrete different substances, saliva, sweath, milk, hormones, etc.

25. Epithelial Tissue cont…

26. Connective Tissue Holds organs in place
Pads and insulates the body (fat)
Binds different parts of the body together
Tendons connect muscles to bones
Ligaments connect bones to bones

27. Connective Tissue cont…

28. Nervous Tissue
Receives messages from the body’s external and internal environments
Analyses the data
Directs the response

29. Organs Are Made From Different Tissues

30. Body Plan of Simple Animal

31. Complex Animal Body Plan

32. Imaging Technology X-Rays CT Scans (computed tomography)
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
MRM (magnetic resonance microscopy)
PET – (positron-emission tomography)

33. X - Rays
1895
Pass through soft tissues & leave shadows of the hard (bones & tumors)
Problems
2-D only (anatomical structures are overlapped)
Soft tissues not visible
High doses cause cancer

34. CT Scans
X-ray source circles around patient & produces several successive images at different angles
Information is processed in a computer to make 3-D images
Patients usually drink a special liquid to improve the contrast of the images
Used to detect small differences between normal and abnormal tissues mainly in the brain and abdomen

35. MRI Used to show soft tissues surrounded by bone
Uses powerful magnets to align hydrogen nuclei in water molecules
a small pulse of radiowaves are shot at the patient and knock out the alignment of hydrogen nuclei
In turn, hydrogen sends out radio signals of its own which are picked up by the MRI scanner and processed by a computer to make an image

36. MRM More powerful that MRI
Used to study developing embryos that are very small

37. PET Patient is injected with a radioactive isotope
Metabolically active cells take up more of the isotope that nonactive cells
The isotopes emit positrons that collide with electrons in the cells and in turn release gamma rays which are picked up by the PET scanner
Used mainly for studying the functions of the brain by studying the activity of different regions of the brain while the patient is performing different type of activities