2. Private Law

3. Litigants: the parties involved in a civil action Plaintiff: the party initiating a legal action Defendant: the party being sued in a civil action Litigation: legal action to resolve a civil dispute Parties Involved

4. Damages: compensation for a wrong suffered Balance of probabilities: the weighing of evidence to decide whether it is the plaintiff’s or the defendant’s version of the events that is more convincing or likely to be correct Next friend: an adult who represents a child or a person under a disability who initiates a civil law-suit Guardian ad litem: the person appointed to act on behalf of a minor or person under a disability who is being sued

5. Civil Action

6. Writ of summons: a legal document that commences civil actions in some provinces Pleadings: documents stating formal allegations by the parties regarding their claims and defences Statement of claim: a document outlining the facts supporting a civil action and the remedy desired Remedy: relief sought by the plaintiff

7. Particulars: specific details of a clam in a civil action Default judgment: a judgment against a party who has failed to defend a claim

8. Statement of defence: the response to the plaintiff’s complaint, denying the allegations in part or in whole Counterclaim: an action brought in response to the plaintiff’s claim aimed at diminishing or removing the defendant’s liability

9. Third party claim: a complaint filed by the defendant claiming that another party is at fault Liable: legally responsible for a wrongful action Cross-claim: a claim made between parties on the same side of the litigation

10. Reply: plaintiff has an opportunity to reply to the statement of defence Examination for discovery: examination of evidence by both sides before a civil trial Affidavit of documents: a list of documents relevant to the case that will be used at trial

11. Privileged documents: records and information that can be excluded from examination by the other side in a civil action Pre-Trial Conference: a formal meeting of both sides with a judge to try and reach a settlement before going to trial Settle out of court: all parties agree to resolve the dispute instead of going to court

12. If the dispute goes to trial: - It is heard by judge in most cases - A jury trial can be requested - The procedures are similar to those of a criminal trial -The cost of the trial is the responsibility plaintiffs at the start of the trial. The loser of the case is usually require to pay part or all of the costs for the trial Class action suit: a lawsuit initiated by a group of people over a complaint common to all Trial Court