1. Fossil Fuels

2. Units of Energy Energy: Joule, Kilowatt-hour, calories, BTU
Power (rate of doing work): watts

3. 3 Largest Users of Fossil Fuels
China
European Union
For the most part, all nonrenewable sources of energy have high net energy yield

4. Crude Oil: Petroleum
Composed of organic matter (dead things that were once living) so contains the elements found in living things
Composed of carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbons) with nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen impurities

5. How Is Oil Formed?
For oil and natural gas, the process happens on the sea floor when marine life (phytoplankton and zooplankton) settle to the bottom in large quantities. Over time, this decomposing organic material is mixed with sediment and buried beneath the surface. As they get move deeper into Earths crust, heat and pressure build up, forming a fossil fuel.

6. Oil Extraction
Most of the time, oil deposits are dispersed in small pores in Earth’s crust (like sponge)
It is extracted using a drill and pump

7. Oil Reserves Middle East: Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, UAE, Qatar, Kuwait
Russia
South America: Venezuela, Brazil
North Africa
North America: Canada, U.S. (Alaska, Texas, North Dakota)
China

8. Peak Production
An oil well reaches peak production when oil flowing from the well has reached its maximum rate
When did the U.S. reach peak oil production?
1970
When did the U.S. start importing more than half of its oil?
1998
When did the world reach peak oil production?
2005

9. Peak Production Where are the 3 largest oil fields on earth? 3. Mexico
Peaked March, 2006
2. Kuwait
Peaked November, 2005
1. Saudi Arabia
Peaking RIGHT NOW!

10. Oil Use 20,680,000 barrels/day in U.S.
Majority used for transportation (2/3)

11. CAFÉ Standards Cars Light trucks 30.2 mpg 24.1 mpg
Corporate Average Fuel Economy
Established by the EPA and aimed at reducing oil consumption and CO2 emissions
HW: Read article
Cars
30.2 mpg
Light trucks
24.1 mpg

12. Oil Refinery/ Distillation
Petroleum is heated in a distillation column and its components are separated based on their boiling points.

13. Petrochemicals

14. Oil Consumers
3 Largest Oil Consumers:
U.S. (imports 60%)
China
Japan

15. Combustion Engines
Products: CO, NO, NO2, SO2, CO2, H2O

16. OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
First 5: Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Venezuela
Later Joined: Qatar (1961), Indonesia (1962), Libya (1962), the United Arab Emirates (1967), Algeria (1969), Nigeria (1971), Ecuador (1973), Gabon (1975) and Angola (2007).
These countries own 60% of the world’s oil reserves and produce 43% of the world’s oil

17. Why would members of OPEC lie about how oil they have?
Oil Reserves
2 countries with largest reserves:
Saudi Arabia
Canada
Most reserves are owned by governments.
Why would members of OPEC lie about how oil they have?

18. Increasing Oil Prices
What are some consequences of increased oil prices?

19. Domestic vs. Foreign Oil
39% of energy used in U.S. comes from oil
U.S. produces only 9% of the world’s oil
Why is only 1 barrel of oil extracted for every 3 barrels of oil found?
The U.S. imports 60% of its oil, making us dependent on foreign oil. It is unlikely that we will ever be able to fulfill our own oil needs. (Reached peak production in 1970)

20. Issues of Foreign Dependence
Trade imbalances
Military actions
Diplomatic Action
Pollution of oceans
Coastal oil spills
Variations in cost of purchases
Threat of supply disruptions
Limitations of nonrenewable resource

21. Could Alaska be the Answer to Independence?
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR)

22. Drilling in the ANWR
Detriments: land disruption at drilling sight, deforestation for roads and facilities, introduction of invasives. PRISTINE AND FRAGILE!

23. Advantages of Oil Advantages Disadvantages Nonrenewable
Large subsidies creates artificial low price that encourages waste
Ample supply for years
Low cost
Market price does not include environmental cost
High net energy yield
Easily transported
Air pollution (CO2)
Low land use
Water pollution
Technology well developed
Deforestation
Efficient distribution system
Disadvantages

24. Alberta, Canada Alberta, Canada has the largest reserve of oil sands
Oil sands (tar sands): a mixture of sand, clay, water and bitumen
Bitumen: A heavy oil with high sulfur content
The sand must be heated and mixed with water to extract the bitumen.

25. Alberta, Canada Strip mining currently takes place to extract the oil
Considered “the most destructive project on earth”
Deforestation of boreal forest
Toxic tailings enter waterways, killing aquatic life and migratory birds
Requires the use of a large amount of water from Athabasca River
Releases 3 times the amount of CO2 of conventional oil

26. Keystone XL Pipeline

27. Oil Shales Oil Shales: Rocks containing kerogen
Kerogen: A solid combustile mixture of hydrocarobons
Found: Western U.S.

28. Oil Shale & Oil Sands ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Moderate cost (sand)
High cost (shale)
Large supply
Low net energy yield
Easily transported
Market price does not include environmental cost
Efficient distribution
Land disruption
Technology well-developed
Water pollution
Air pollution