1. STREAMFLOW and HYDROGRAPH ANALYSIS Stream flow is one of the most important topics in engineering hydrology because it directly relate to water supply, flood control, reservoir design, navigation, irrigation, drainage, water quality, and others.

2. Stream Flow Measurements Serves as the basis for many water resources engineering designs Two approaches –Measurement of water stage; –Measurement of flow velocity Measurement of Water Stage –Water stage: the elevation above some arbitrary datum of water surface at a station –Types of Gages Measuring River Stage: Staff gage – vertical or inclined Suspended – weight gage Recording gage Crest – stage gage ( used to indicate high water mark) Misc (Table 1).

3. Figures of Stream Gauges

4. List of Stream Flow Measurement Methods

5. Stage-Discharge Relation When water stages are measured, we need additional information to estimate the flow rates (or discharges) Q HHQ tt Stage Hydrograph Stage-Discharge Curve or Rating Curve Discharge Hydrograph

6. Stage-Discharge Relation Typical relationship: Q = a(H +b) c The function relationship between H & Q has to be calibrated locally for different stations

7. Storage Hysterisis In natural rivers, the H-Q relationship in general appears to be a loop, rather than single-valued.

8. Devices for Flow Velocity Measurement Current Meters –Cups –Propellers V = a + b  N where V = flow velocity; a = starting velocity to overcome mechanical friction; b = equipment calibration constant; N = revolutions/sec. Pitot Tubes: Suitable only for clean water Floats: Suitable for straight channel, V = L/T

9. Current Meters

10. Mean Flow Velocity Estimation Velocity Profile

11. Measurement of Stream Flow Discharge - 1 Stage – Discharge (Rating) Curve Mid-Section Method

12. Measurement of Stream Flow Discharge - 2 (c) Mean-Section Method

13. Extension of Rating Curve  During the event of large flood, it is impossible or impractical to measure discharge directly. More often than not, the flood stage goes beyond the range of the data range used to define the rating curve. Therefore, extrapolation of the ration curve is needed when water level is recorded below the lowest or above the highest level.  Large errors can result if the functional form of rating curve, Q = a  (H+b) c, is extrapolated beyond the recorded gauge discharges without consideration of the cross-section geometry and controls  Graphical extension or by the fitted Q-H relationship is adequate only for small extension  For large extrapolation beyond the active channel cross-section, hydraulic formula can be used to estimate the stage-discharge relation.

14. Example (Extension of Rating Curve)