1. Evolution and the Foundations of Biology
Introduction:
Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

2. Introduction:
Evolution- change over time. How an organism adapts to its environment
Posing questions about the world and seeking answers through inquiry are central to biology.

3. Concept 1.1 Studying the diverse forms of life reveals common themes
New properties emerge at successive levels of biological organization.
From Microscopic organisms to biospheres we have classifications and hierarchy to organize living organisms.
Put the following terms in order from least to greatest:
Organisms biosphere communities organelles
Molecules tissues cells populations
Ecosystems organs organ systems

4. Concept 1.1 cont…
Reductionism- the process of reducing complex systems into simpler components that are more manageable to study.
Organism-DNA
Emergent Porperties- properties that arrise from one level to the next.
DNA codon  protein trait
Arrangement and interactions of the simpler structures cause increasing complexity

5. Concept 1.1
Systems biology- exploration of a biological system by analyzing the interactions among its parts.
Example- how does a drug that lowers blood pressure affect the functioning organs throughout the body. Think about side effects.
Sturcture and Function:
By analyzing structure of a biological system it gives you an idea about the function of the structure.
Cell- an organisms basic unit of structure and function. Smallest unit of organization that can preform all required activities.

6. THEME: Life’s processes involve the expression and transmission of genetic information.
Within cells structures called chromosomes contain genetic information n in the form of DNA. Chromosomes are visible during division.
Each time the cell divides it first replicates DNA so each of 2 offspring inherit a complete set identical to the parents DNA
Each chromosome contains 1 very long struand of the DNA with hundreds or thousands of GENES (the unit of inheritance)
We each began as one cell and now contain trillions of differentiated cells. (WHAT IS CELL DIFFERENTIATION?)

7. Chromosome Structure

8. HOW DOES DNA STORE INFORMATION?
Double Helix with 4 base pairs ___ ___ ___ and ___
Encodes similarly to our alphabet.

9. DNA
DNA is the blueprint for proteins, which are the driving force in carrying out its activities.
Made up of nucleotides.
Genes control protein production indirectly using a related molecule called RNA as an intermediary
DNARNA Protein = gene expression
Not all RNA molecules in the cell are translated into proteins. Some RNA’s carry out other important tasks such as regulation of protein coding genes.

10. Genes
A particular sequence of nucleotides says the same thing in one organism as it does in another. Differences between organisms reflect differences between their nucleotide sequences rather than between their genetic codes.
GENOMICS: Large scale analysis of DNA sequences
Entire library of genetic instructions that an organism inherits is called its genome.
Typical human has 2 similar sets of chromosomes with roughly 3 billion nucleotide pairs

11. Genetic Revolution Since the early 90’s genetic research has exploded
Human Genome Known as well as many other organisms
Bacteria, fungi, animals
BIOINFORMATICS: Use of computational tools to store organize and analyze huge volumes of data
BLAST database

12. Theme: Life Requires the Transfer and Transformation of Energy and Matter
All life requires energy
Ultimately where does all energy come from?
Trophic Levels and Chlorophyll

13. THEME: Organisms Interact with other Organisms and the Physical Environment
Each organism interacts continuously with the physical factors in its environment.
How does a tree interact with its environment?
MAKE A CHOICE CHAMBER

14. CONCEPT 1.2 Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life
Diversity is the hallmark of life
We have currently identified 1.8 million species but biologists estimate million out there.
Classifying diversity
3 DOMAINS of Life
BACTERIA
ARCHAEA
EUKARYA
Although diverse it displays a remarkable amount of unity .. With universal DNA languages and other similarities

15. Charles Darwin and Evolution
Origin of the Species
1. species have arisen from a succession of ancestors that differed from them.
2. Natural selection is a mechanism for descent with modification
Darwin had 6 points leading to his theory
Adaptation competition
Variation natural selection
Overproduction speciation

17. Concept 1.3 BIOLOGICAL INQUIRY entails forming and testing hypotheses based on observations of nature.
Science – “to know”
INQUIRY- Search for information and explanations of natural phenomena
Elements of inquiry include:
Challenge careful planning adventure
Luck creativity persistence
Reasoning patience RESEARCH
Science is not as structured as people think. This year you will be bold and adventurous and explore the world around you!

18. Process of inquiry: Making observations Forming logical hypotheses
Recording data both quantitative and qualitative
Forming logical hypotheses
Testing
Reforming hypotheses
Collective and analyzing observations can lead to important conclusions based on a type of logic called INDUCTIVE REASONING
We derive generalizations from a large # of specific observations

19. Forming and Testing Hypotheses
A HYPOTHESIS is a tentative answer to a well framed question, it is an explanations on trial.
Rational accounting for a set of observations based on available data and guided by inductive reasoning leading to TESTABLE predications by further observations and experiments.
Flashlight fails
Question?
Hypothesis?

20. Inquiry Deductive Reasoning:
Inductive takes large sets of information and comes up with a reason
Deductive takes a small scale example and applies it to a large scale
If…then..
Pg13

21. Experimental Controls
Controlled experiments are designed to demonstrate the effect of one variable by testing control groups and experimental groups that differ in only that variable.
Scientific theory broad scope, generaltes new hypotheses and is supported by a large body of evidence.
Technology method or device that applies scientific knowledge for a purpose that effects society

22. Parts of an Experiment
Control- standard used for comparison, no variables used
Constant- Things that do not change in the experiment.
Independent variable- What is being tested or changed in the experiment
Dependent variable- the outcome being measure. (What was I looking for? Growth ?)
JUSTIFICATION JUSTIFICATION JUSTIFICATION