1. Non renewable Sources

2. ENERGY  Energy is the ability to do work and transfer heat.  Kinetic energy – energy in motion  Heat (ions, molecule movement), electromagnetic radiation (wavelength, frequency, energy level of types)  Potential energy – stored for possible use  batteries, glucose molecules, gasoline  High quality vs. Low quality

3. ENERGY LAWS: TWO RULES WE CANNOT BREAK  The first law of thermodynamics: we cannot create or destroy energy.  We can change energy from one form to another.  The second law of thermodynamics: energy quality always decreases.  When energy changes from one form to another, it is always degraded to a more dispersed form.  Energy efficiency is a measure of how much useful work is accomplished before it changes to its next form.

4. SUSTAINABILITY AND MATTER AND ENERGY LAWS  Unsustainable High-Throughput Economies: Working in Straight Lines  Converts resources to goods in a manner that promotes waste and pollution. Figure 2-15

5. Sustainable Low-Throughput Economies: Learning from Nature  Matter-Recycling-and-Reuse Economies: Working in Circles  Mimics nature by recycling and reusing, thus reducing pollutants and waste.  It is not sustainable for growing populations.

6. TYPES OF ENERGY RESOURCES  About 99% of the energy we use for heat comes from the sun (fusion) and the other 1% comes mostly from burning fossil fuels.  Solar energy indirectly supports wind power, hydropower, and biomass.  About 76% of the commercial energy we use comes from nonrenewable fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal) with the remainder coming from renewable sources.

7. TYPES OF ENERGY RESOURCES  Commercial energy use by source for the world (left) and the U.S. (right). Figure 16-3

8. How does the second law of thermodynamics apply to energy use?

9. As energy resources are used much of the resource is degraded to low-quality heat and pollutants (Sulfur dioxide) and GHG’s (carbon dioxide, methane) released into the troposphere.

10. TYPES OF ENERGY RESOURCES  Net energy is the amount of high-quality usable energy available from a resource after subtracting the energy needed to make it available.

11. Net Energy Ratios  The higher the net energy ratio, the greater the net energy available. Ratios < 1 indicate a net energy loss. Figure 16-4

13. OIL  Crude oil (petroleum) is a thick liquid containing hydrocarbons that we extract from underground deposits and separate into products such as gasoline, heating oil and asphalt.  Only 35-50% can be economically recovered from a deposit. (Peak production)  As prices rise, about 10-25% more can be recovered from expensive secondary extraction techniques.  This lowers the net energy yield.

15. Heavy vs. Light Crude Oil HeavyLight  Denser  Must be heated to transport  More impurities  More expensive/difficult to refine, transport, drill up  Less dense  Less impurities  Less expensive to drill, refine, transport

16. OIL  Refining crude oil:  Based on boiling points, components are removed at various layers in a giant distillation column.  The most volatile components with the lowest boiling points are removed at the top. Figure 16-5

17. What exactly is oil refining?  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XDK20wJ UuKQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XDK20wJ UuKQ

18. Importance of petrochemicals:  Product of oil distillation  Contain raw materials for plastics, synthetics, paints, medicines, computers

20. OIL  Eleven OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) have 78% of the world’s proven oil reserves and most of the world’s unproven reserves.  Saudi Arabia and Venezuela being 2 biggest oil producers.  Saudi Arabia and Canada being 2 largest reserves  Why isn’t Canada one of the biggest producers yet?

21.  After global production peaks and begins a slow decline, oil prices will rise and could threaten the economies of countries that have not shifted to new energy alternatives including US, China, and Japan the largest consumers of oil.

22. If oil prices rise: ProsCons  Create jobs for alternate energy research and development  New technology on using fuels more efficiently  Less carbon emissions from burning fossil fuels  Food costs more to plant, harvest, ship  Land is more expensive b/c more used for biomass crops (corn, soybeans)  Less air travel b/c too expensive  Suburbs would struggle

23. Why does US import more oil than use domestic sources?

24.  Domestic $7-10/barrel of oil and hurricanes on Gulf Coast can cause increase  Imports from Saudi Arabia $1-2/barrel of oil  How could the US fight the war on terror without firing a bullet?

25. OIL  Burning oil for transportation accounts for 43% of global CO 2 emissions. Figure 16-7

26. Unconventional Oil  Oil shale is the solid rock that kerogen can be extracted from  Shale oil is the liquid that is left after distillation that can be refined  Oil sands (tar sands) is a mixture of clay, sand, water, bitumen (Carbon based with Sulfur)

27. Oil Sand ProsCons  Lots in Canada- dependency on middle east lowered  Cheaper  Destroys land with strip mining (Boreal forests)  Lots of carbon emissions from machines needed to extract, process, transport  Lots of water used for processing  Lots of sulfur dioxide pollutes air and water

28. Dirty truth about oil sands  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkwoRivP 17A http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkwoRivP 17A

29. NATURAL GAS  Natural gas, consisting mostly of methane, is often found above reservoirs of crude oil.  When a natural gas-field is tapped, gasses are liquefied and removed as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Primarily butane and propane.

30. Unconventional sources of natural gas  Coal beds  Pumping water out of aquifers that releases methane  Cons: water needed by ranchers, wildlife, maintain wetlands, remaining water gets contaminated with salts and minerals  Bubbles of methane trapped in ice crystals deep under the arctic permafrost and beneath deep-ocean sediments.

31. NATURAL GAS  Russia and Iran have almost half of the world’s reserves of conventional gas, and global reserves should last 62-125 years.  Natural gas is versatile and clean-burning fuel, but it releases the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (when burned) and methane (from leaks) into the troposphere.

32. NATURAL GAS  Some analysts see natural gas as the best fuel to help us make the transition to improved energy efficiency and greater use of renewable energy. Figure 16-11

33. Natural Gas  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vr6b- WzIcyo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vr6b- WzIcyo

34. COAL  Coal is a solid fossil fuel that is formed in several stages as the buried remains of land plants that lived 300-400 million years ago. Figure 16-12

35. COAL  Coal reserves in the United States, Russia, and China could last hundreds to over a thousand years.  The U.S. has 27% of the world’s proven coal reserves, followed by Russia (17%), and China (13%).  In 2005, China and the U.S. accounted for 53% of the global coal consumption.

36. COAL  Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel, but compared to oil and natural gas it is not as versatile, has a high environmental impact, and releases much more CO 2 into the troposphere. Figure 16-14

37. What is clean coal?  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vr6b- WzIcyo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vr6b- WzIcyo

38. COAL  Coal can be converted into synthetic natural gas (SNG or syngas) and liquid fuels (such as methanol or synthetic gasoline) that burn cleaner than coal.  Costs are high.  Burning them adds more CO 2 to the troposphere than burning coal.

39. COAL  Since CO 2 is not regulated as an air pollutant and costs are high, U.S. coal-burning plants are unlikely to invest in coal gasification. Figure 16-15

40. Goal Gasification  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- VUnjaTn9dY&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- VUnjaTn9dY&feature=related

41. NUCLEAR ENERGY  When isotopes of uranium and plutonium undergo controlled nuclear fission, the resulting heat produces steam that spins turbines to generate electricity.  The uranium oxide consists of about 97% nonfissionable uranium-238 and 3% fissionable uranium-235.  The concentration of uranium-235 is increased through an enrichment process.

42. Nuclear Changes: Fission  Nuclear fission: nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are split apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons.  Uranium-235 and Plutonium-239 most used. Figure 2-9

43. Nuclear Changes: Fusion  Nuclear fusion: two isotopes of light elements are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus. Figure 2-10

44. Fig. 16-16, p. 372 Small amounts of radioactive gases Uranium fuel input (reactor core) Control rods Containment shell Heat exchanger Steam Turbine Generator Waste heat Electric power Hot coolant Useful energy 25%–30% Hot water output Pump Coolant Pump Moderator Cool water input Waste heat Shielding Pressure vessel Coolant passage Water Condenser Periodic removal and storage of radioactive wastes and spent fuel assemblies Periodic removal and storage of radioactive liquid wastes Water source (river, lake, ocean)

45. How nuclear reactors work:  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ueainTAy 7G0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ueainTAy 7G0

46. What Happened to Nuclear Power?  After more than 50 years of development and enormous government subsidies, nuclear power has not lived up to its promise because:  Multi billion-dollar construction costs.  Higher operation costs and more malfunctions than expected.  Poor management.  Public concerns about safety and stricter government safety regulations.

47. NUCLEAR ENERGY  In 1995, the World Bank said nuclear power is too costly and risky.  In 2006, it was found that several U.S. reactors were leaking radioactive tritium into groundwater. Figure 16-19

48. NUCLEAR ENERGY  When a nuclear reactor reaches the end of its useful life, its highly radioactive materials must be kept from reaching the environment for thousands of years.  At least 228 large commercial reactors worldwide (20 in the U.S.) are scheduled for retirement by 2012.  Many reactors are applying to extent their 40-year license to 60 years.  Aging reactors are subject to embrittlement and corrosion.

49. NUCLEAR ENERGY  Building more nuclear power plants will not lessen dependence on imported oil and will not reduce CO 2 emissions as much as other alternatives.  The nuclear fuel cycle contributes to CO 2 emissions.  Nuclear fuel cycle includes mining, enriching, transporting, and storing Uranium  Wind turbines, solar cells, geothermal energy, and hydrogen contributes much less to CO 2 emissions.

50. What happened in Japan? How could this affect life?  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g53h2zt2 PT0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g53h2zt2 PT0  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XwL0vItg ETQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XwL0vItg ETQ

51. Future of energy:  http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/eng/steven_c owley_fusion_is_energy_s_future.html http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/eng/steven_c owley_fusion_is_energy_s_future.html