1. Nonrenewable Energy
Chapter 15

2. Core Case Study: How Long Will Supplies of Conventional Oil Last
Core Case Study: How Long Will Supplies of Conventional Oil Last? Pg 370
Oil: energy supplier
How much is left? When will we run out?
Three options
Look for more
Reduce oil use and waste
Use other energy sources
No easy solutions

3. 15-1 What Major Sources of Energy Do We Use?
1) Fossil Fuels supply most of our commercial energy
a) Most of the energy to heat comes from the sun at no cost
b) Other forms related to the sun: wind, hydropower, biomass (chapter 16)
b) commercial energy: sold in the marketplace
c) Most comes from nonrenewable energy (fossil fuels)
d) Fossil fuels 76%, Nuclear 6%, 18% renewable

4. 15-1 What Major Sources of Energy Do We Use?
e) The largest users are the US, China & European union (more than ½ of consumption)
Case Study: A Brief History of Human Energy Use page 372
Muscle power  Discovery of fire  Agriculture
 use of wind and flowing water Machines powered by wood, then coal Internal combustion engine  Nuclear energy Energy crisis

6. 15-1 What Major Sources of Energy Do We Use?
2) How should we evaluate energy resources?
Supplies, environmental impact, how much useful energy they provide
Science Focus: Net Energy Is the Only Energy That Really Counts page 374

7. 15-2 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Oil?
1) We depend heavily on Oil
a) Petroleum (crude oil) thick, gooey liquid consisting of different hydrocarbons and impurities
b) Crude oil and natural gas often are trapped together in pores and cracks in rock formations
c) Removing oil is complex (video)
d) Refining: using boiling points to separate the crude oil into different compounds
e) Petrochemicals: used as raw materials in production of various products (pg 375)

8. Figure 15.4: Science.
When crude oil is refined, many of its components are removed at various levels, depending on their boiling points, of a giant distillation column (left) that can be as tall as a nine-story building. The most volatile components with the lowest boiling points are removed at the top of the column. The photo above shows an oil refinery in the U.S. state of Texas.
Fig. 15-4a, p. 375

9. 15-2 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Oil?
2) OPEC controls most of the oil supplies
a) Reserve: identified deposits of profitable oil
b) Oil industry is currently the world’s largest business
c) 13 countries make up OPEC (page 376)
d) Saudi has 25%, Canda 15%(due to oil sand), exact amounts are not known because of OPEC secrecy
e) 75% of oil reserves are in the hands of government-owned companies

10. 15-2 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Oil?
f) Oil production from reserves has exceeded new oil discoveries since 1984, and production has leveled off since 2005
g) Prices increase when demand exceeds production
h) Other possible problems with low production
1. cost of food, and petrochemical products increases
2. food production may become localized
3. Airfares increase

11. 15-2 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Oil?
4. Automobile industry will see a decline in demand
5. People leave suburbs, decreasing property values
3) The US uses more than it produces
a) US gets about 85% of energy from fossil fuels
b) Sources: 25% of oil and 20% of gas from offshore wells, 17% from Alaska
c) US produces 9% of world’s oil, but uses 24%
(only have 2.4% of reserves)

12. 15-2 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Oil?
d) US production cost is $7-10 per barrel on land and 4X that offshore, compared to $2 per barrel in Saudi. We import about 60% of our oil
e) About ¼ of the world’s oil is controlled by countries that sponsor or condone terrorism
f) At current rates, the US will import 70% by 2025
g) The US Geological Survey estimate large reserves are still to be discovered boosting oil reserves by as much as 50%

13. 15-2 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Oil?
h) Typically only 1 barrel per 3 barrels found can be extracted
i) Heavy oil recovery methods are expensive and decrease the net energy yield
j) According to energy analysts, the US cannot feed its oil addiction by trying to increase domestic oil supplies

14. Case Study: Oil and the U.S. Arctic National Wildlife Refuge pg 377
The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR)
Not open to oil and gas development
Fragile tundra biome
Oil companies lobbying since 1980 to begin exploratory drilling
Pros
Cons

15. Figure 15.5: The amount of crude oil that might be found in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (right), if developed and extracted over 50 years, is only a tiny fraction of projected U.S. oil consumption. In 2008, the DOE projected that developing this oil supply would take 10–20 years and would lower gasoline prices at the pump by 6 cents per gallon at most. (Data from U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Geological Survey, and Natural Resources Defense Council)
Fig. 15-5a, p. 376

16. Figure 15.6: Using crude oil as an energy resource has advantages and disadvantages (Concept 15-2a). Questions: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important? Why?
Fig. 15-6, p. 377

17. 15-2 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Oil?
4) Will heavy oils be a viable option?
a) Oil sand (tar sand): mixture of clay, sand, water & bitumen (combustible organic compounds)
b) Bitumen: is thick, sticky heavy oil with high sulfur content, 10% of most mixtures
c) Canada has ¾ of the world’s sand oil
d) Combined with Venezuela, they have as much as the total conventional reserves in the M.E.
e) Strip mined like coal

18. 15-2 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Oil?
f) Removal causes environmental problems: clear cut boreal forest, wetlands drained and water diverted, produces toxic sludge, water and air pollution, 3X CO2 compared to conventional oil
g) Eventually heated and converted into a low sulfur synthetic crude oil
h) The net energy for sand oil is very low
5) Will oil shale be a useable resource?
a) Contain kerogen, solid cumbustible mixture distilled into shale oil

19. Figure 15.9: Shale oil (right) can be extracted from oil shale rock (left). However, producing shale oil requires large amounts of water and has a low net energy yield and a very high environmental impact.
Fig. 15-9, p. 379

20. 15-2 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Oil?
b) 72% of the estimated reserves are located in the western US beneath the Green river Formation, the US owns about 80% of this land
c) There may be enough here to meet the current US demand for 110 yrs 20

21. 15-3 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural Gas?
1) Natural Gas Useful & clean burning
a) Mixture of gases: 50-90% methane, smaller amounts of ethane, propane, butane and hydrogen sulfide
b) Conventional Natural gas lies above most crude oil reservoirs, but is often burned off
c) LPG: liquefied propane and butane
d) Methane is dried, cleaned and pumped into pressurized pipelines for distribution
e) Russia 27%, Iran 15%, Qatar 14%, US 3% (uses 27%)

22. 15-3 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural Gas?
f) Russia 27%, Iran 15%, Qatar 14%, US 3% (uses 27%)
g) Natural gas is versatile
h) Burning it releases CO2 but much less than coal, oil or other fossil fuels
i) LNG: liquefied to transport across oceans
j) It has a low net energy and is not viewed as an economically viable alternative to conventional unless the government is kept low by government subsidies 22

23. 15-3 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural Gas?
k) Unconventional N. G. sources:
Coal bed & Methane hydrate (trapped in ice) 2) 23

24. 15-4 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Coal?
a) Solid fossil fuel formed from the remains of land plants buried and subjected to heat and pressure
b) Burned in about 2100 power plants generating 40% of electricity. Also used in various industrial plants
c) China, US and India are the 3 largest coal burners

25. Figure 15.15: Science.
This power plant burns pulverized coal to boil water and produce steam that spins a turbine to produce electricity. The steam is cooled, condensed, and returned to the boiler for reuse. Waste heat can be transferred to the atmosphere or to a nearby source of water. The largest coal-burning power plant in the United States, located in Indiana, burns three 100-car trainloads of coal per day. There are about 600 coal-burning power plants in the United States. The photo shows a coal-burning power plant in Soto de Ribera, Spain. Question: Does the electricity that you use come from a coal-burning power plant?
Fig , p. 382

26. Figure 15.15: Science.
This power plant burns pulverized coal to boil water and produce steam that spins a turbine to produce electricity. The steam is cooled, condensed, and returned to the boiler for reuse. Waste heat can be transferred to the atmosphere or to a nearby source of water. The largest coal-burning power plant in the United States, located in Indiana, burns three 100-car trainloads of coal per day. There are about 600 coal-burning power plants in the United States. The photo shows a coal-burning power plant in Soto de Ribera, Spain. Question: Does the electricity that you use come from a coal-burning power plant?
Fig a, p. 382

27. 15-4 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Coal?
2) Coal is a plentiful but dirty fuel
a) Global supplies could last 214-1,125 yrs
b) The US has 25%, Russia 15%, India 13%, China 13%, Australia 8% & S. Africa 75
c) Estimates: 250 yrs, another at 100 yrs at current rates (decades if increase continues)
d) Air pollutants: Sulfur, Soot, CO2, trace HG & radioactive materials
e) Environmental costs are not included in the price 27

28. Figure 15.16: This coal-burning industrial plant in India produces large amounts of air pollution because it has inadequate air pollution controls.
Fig , p. 383

29. Figure 15.17: CO2 emissions, expressed as percentages of emissions released by burning coal directly, vary with different energy resources. Question: Which produces more CO2 emissions per kilogram, burning coal to heat a house or heating with electricity generated by coal? (Data from U.S. Department of Energy)
Fig Pg 384: CO2 produced per unit of electrical energy produced by resources

30. Case Study: Coal Consumption in China pg 384
Burns more coal than the United States, Europe, and Japan combined
Coal–burning plants: Inefficient or non-existent pollution controls
Leading area for SO2 pollution: health hazard
Acid rain due to coal burning
Hg showing up in salmon off the western coast of the United States
Air quality of Korea and Japan impacted

31. Coal Has Advantages and Disadvantages

32. 15-4 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Coal?
3) Converting coal into gaseous & liquid fuels
a) SNG: synthetic natural gas:
b) Coal gasification:
c) Coal liquefaction: methanol or synthetic gasoline 32

33. Figure 15.19: The use of synthetic natural gas (SNG) and liquid synfuels produced from coal has advantages and disadvantages (Concept 15-4b). Questions: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important? Why? Do you think that the advantages of using synfuels produced from coal as an energy source outweigh the disadvantages?
Fig , p. 385

34. 15-5 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy?
1) How it works:
a) Light-water reactor: inefficient: loses 83% of energy available
b) Uranium ore is enriched into U-235 and processed into pellets
c) Each pellet contains the energy equivalent of 1 ton of coal
d) fuel rod: pipes packed with pellets and grouped into fuel assemblies

35. 15-5 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy?
e) Control rods: absorb neutrons to regulate fission
f) Coolant (water) usually circulates to remove heat
g) Containment shell: steel reinforced concrete walls around the core to keep radioactive material from escaping (most expensive part)
h) Used assemblies are stored in water-filled pools
or dry casks
i) Long term: transport wastes to an underground facility
j) Safety features make them safe, but expensive 35

36. Figure 15.20: Science.
This water-cooled nuclear power plant, with a pressurized water reactor, pumps water under high pressure into its core where nuclear fission takes place. It produces huge quantities of heat that is used to convert the water to steam, which spins a turbine that generates electricity. Some nuclear plants withdraw the water they use from a nearby source such as a river and return the heated water to that source, as shown here. Other nuclear plants transfer the waste heat from the intensely hot water to the atmosphere by using one or more gigantic cooling towers, as shown in the inset photo of the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (USA). There, a serious accident in 1979 almost caused a meltdown of the plant’s reactor. Question: How do you think the heated water returned to a body of water affects that aquatic ecosystem?
Fig , p. 387

37. Water pool storage Figure 15.24: Science.
After 3 or 4 years in a reactor, spent fuel rods are removed and stored in a deep pool of water contained in a steel-lined concrete basin (left) for cooling. After about 5 years of cooling, the fuel rods can be stored upright on concrete pads (right) in sealed dry-storage casks made of heat-resistant metal alloys and concrete. Questions: Would you be willing to live within a block or two of these casks or have them transported through the area where you live in the event that they were transferred to a long-term storage site? Explain. What are the alternatives?
Fig a, p. 388

38. Dry cast storage Figure 15.24: Science.
After 3 or 4 years in a reactor, spent fuel rods are removed and stored in a deep pool of water contained in a steel-lined concrete basin (left) for cooling. After about 5 years of cooling, the fuel rods can be stored upright on concrete pads (right) in sealed dry-storage casks made of heat-resistant metal alloys and concrete. Questions: Would you be willing to live within a block or two of these casks or have them transported through the area where you live in the event that they were transferred to a long-term storage site? Explain. What are the alternatives?
Fig b, p. 388

39. 2) What Is the Nuclear Fuel Cycle?

40. Read the following What happened to nuclear power: page 388
Case study: 3-mile island Page 390
Case study Chernobyl page 390
Vulnerable to terrorist acts page 392
Dealing with wastes page 392
Case study: experts disagree about what to do with wastes page 393
What do we do with worn out plants 394
Will it lessen dependence on of imported oil 394
Nuclear fission 394

41. Nuclear Power

42. Figure 15.23: The risks of using nuclear power, compared with the risks of using coal-burning plants to produce electricity. A 1,000-megawatt nuclear plant is refueled once a year, whereas a coal plant of the same size requires 80 rail cars of coal a day. Question: If you had to choose, would you rather live near a coal-fired power plant or a nuclear power plant? Explain.
Fig , p. 389

43. Science Focus: Are New and Safer Nuclear Reactors the Answer? (2)
New Generation nuclear reactors must satisfy these five criteria
Safe-runaway chain reaction is impossible
Fuel can not be used for nuclear weapons
Easily disposed of fuel
Nuclear fuel cycle must generate a higher net energy yield than other alternative fuels, without huge government subsidies
Emit fewer greenhouse gases than other fuels