1. CHAPTER 12 Saints in Our History The Second Thousand Years

2. St. Bernard of Clairvaux  Corruption in the clergy in the 11 th Century  St. Bernard of Clairvaux joined the Cistercians  Monastic movement based on Rule of St. Benedict Incredibly simplistic lifestyle  Abbot of a new monastery at Clairvaux  Founded 68 more  The monasteries were based on truly following St. Benedict’s Rule  Clergy studied here and learned what it truly meant to be religious  Bernard preached powerful sermons  Helped faith of laity as well as religious

3. Crusades  Muslims had taken control of the Holy Land  Persecuted Christians trying to make pilgrimages  Crusades were wars with the intention of winning back the Holy Land for Christianity  King St. Louis IX of France  Led last 2 Crusades  Holy man and just ruler Mass twice daily Had poor people join his family for meals  Saw the crusades as a way of literally fighting for God  Died on the way to his second crusade  Crusades were a failure in winning back the Holy Land  Crusades were successful in other ways  Increased faith of the people of Europe  Westerners gained knowledge already possessed by the Muslims Navigation, medicine, philosophy, mathematics

4. Mendicant Orders  Monastic orders  Stay in one place, a monastery  Self-substantial  i.e. Benedictines, Cistercians  Mendicant Orders  Live by begging  Often travelled, teaching  i.e. Franciscans and Dominicans

5. Franciscans  Started by St. Francis of Assisi (Italy)  Son of a wealthy cloth merchant  Wanted to become a knight  Received a vision of “Lady Poverty” for whom he fell in love  Gave up his father, possessions, and became poor  Vision to rebuild Church Took it literally – San Damiano Meant figuratively – the Catholic Church  Stigmata  Franciscans: Order of Friars Minor  “Little Brothers”  Simplistic  5000 by the time Francis died  St. Clare attracted to this lifestyle as well  Started the Poor Clares

6. Dominicans  Founded by Dominic de Guzman  Sent to convert heretics in France  Brought with him a group of young men as preachers  Dominicans, AKA Order of Preachers  Emphasized scholarly learning, simplicity of life  Became many of the great university teachers

7. St. Thomas Aquinas  Greatest of the Dominican teachers  Born in 1225AD  Sent to Monte Cassino to study  Family tried to lead him to become a Benedictine  Became a Dominican instead  Became incredibly well educated  Became a teacher at the University of Paris  Used Aristotle’s teachings (Ethics) in theology  Wrote the Summa Theologiae “Intro” text for Dominican studies Organized, explained, and defended Church teachings  Wrote poems and prayers  Pange Lingua (“Sing my Tongue”) Often sung at Benediction following Adoration  Adore Te Devote (“A Student’s Prayer”)  O Salutaris Hostia  Died on the way to attend the Council of Lyons at the Pope’s request

8. St. Catherine of Sienna  Newest Church issue: Avignon Papacy  Popes lived in Avignon, France for 70 years  Led to problems in the Church  St. Catherine of Sienna  Young laywoman  Lived a life of prayer and service to the sick  Went to Pope Gregory XI many times To convince him to return to Rome Eventually succeeded  Stigmata  Many spiritual writings: The Dialogue of Divine Providence  Doctor of the Church  Died at 33  Incorruptible

9. Confusion and Schism  Great Western Schism  Two men claimed to be Pope  One in Avignon, one in Rome  Went on for 40 years

10. Protestant Reformation  Renaissance: rebirth of Greco-Roman culture  Clergy again became corrupt by luxury and art  Printing press led to ideas circulating quickly  Attempts to reform the Church turned into the Protestant Reformation  Martin Luther  Wanted to reform the Church internally  Posted 95 Theses Pointed out issues in the Church Selling of indulgences to pay for St. Peter’s Basilica Corruption in the Church  Said there were only 2 Sacraments  People should interpret the Bible for themselves  Ended up breaking from the Church entirely

11. Counter-Reformation  Church’s response to the Reformation  Council of Trent  Affirmed 7 Sacraments  Affirmed papal/clerical authority  Decided best defense was to go on offense Conversions and missionary effort  Art as a means of conversion: Carravaggio  Ursuline Sisters  Found by St. Angela Merici  Taught young women

12. St. Ignatius of Loyola  Ignatius was a Spanish nobleman  Soldier  Wounded, read lives of the Saints while healing  Decided to become a soldier of Christ  Formed the Society of Jesus  Jesuits  Goal: Defend and serve the Church and the Pope If the Pope says it’s black, then it is  Preached in newly Protestant areas Germany  Motto: Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam “To the Greater Glory of God”

13. Missionaries  St. Francis Xavier  One of the first Jesuit members and missionaries  India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Japan  Paved the ground for later missionaries to go to China  St. Isaac Jogues  Among the North American martyrs (Jesuits)  St. Junipero Serra (Franciscan)  Founded missions for Native Americans in California  St. Elizabeth Ann Seton  Converted when she moved to Rome for her husband’s health  Opened up Catholic schools upon going back to US  Founded Sisters of Charity

14. Pope Pius X  Simple country priest and great teacher  Faced the heresy of modernism  There is no objective truth or reality  Denies all supernatural events  Encouraged frequent reception of Holy Communion  Lowered age for 1 st Holy Communion  Died at outset of WWI

15. St. Maximilian Kolbe  New challenge: Atheistic, totalitarian gov.  Nazism and communism  Kolbe  Born in Poland  Franciscan  Started “Knights of Mary Immaculate” Published a magazine Started a community in Nagasaki, Japan Which miraculously would survive Atomic Bomb  Imprisoned by Nazi’s in Auschwitz after Ger. Invasion  Martyred Prisoners escaped Nazis chose 10 to starve to death in response He offered himself for a dad who had been chosen Had to be executed, as he didn’t starve to death