1. Biology Honors Project III By: Isaiah Walker S. Combs 1 st period

2. Cleft Lip & Palate Cleft lip & cleft palate are birth defects that occur when a baby’s lip and/or mouth do not connect properly/completely during pregnancy. These birth defects commonly are called “orofacial clefts”. A baby can have a cleft lip, a cleft palate, or both. Clefting of the lip is more common than cleft palate.

3. Causes The causes orofacial in infants is unknown. In children cleft lip & palate occurs because of changes in genes or can be genetically inherited. It is also thought to be caused by a combination of genes and other factors like what the mother comes in contact with in her environment like what she eats/drinks or medications taken during pregnancy.

4. Facts About Cleft lip & palate In the United States population cleft lip occurs in approximately 1 in every 750 live infants and about 4,437 cases each year. Cleft lip is more frequent in males at a rate of about 80%, but cleft palate is more common in girls than boys. African- Americans have the lowest index at 1 per 2,300. The Japanese and Native Americans have a higher index at 1 in 580 and 1 in 280, but occur in all ethnicities. A cleft lip with a cleft palate usually only occurs 1 in every 2,500 births. Cleft lip will usually come into affect in the 4 th to 7 th week of pregnancy. Cleft palate will begin to affect the child 6 th to 9 th week of pregnancy. Other Interesting facts *cleft lip & palate make-up 15% of all syndromes/disorders *Women who smoke or have diabetes have a higher chance of giving birth a child with cleft lip or cleft palate *cleft lip and palate is most common in Asian and Native American communities

5. Symptoms/Affects on the Body Cleft lip is when the tissue that makes up the lip does not completely join before birth, which results in an opening in the upper lip. The opening can be a small slit of the upper lip or a large opening through the lip that extends to the nose, this an occur on both sides of the lip or in the middle. This all happens in between the 4 th week and 7 th week of a pregnancy. Cleft palate occurs on the roof of the mouth when the tissues also do not join completely. This usually happen in the 6 th to 9 th week of pregnancy. Cleft lip & palate could effect the baby with dental concerns, speech complication, nasal and septum deformities, as well as hearing problems

6. Diagnosis Cleft lip & palate is usually notice right at birth and don’t require special tests and diagnosis, they can often be noticed in an ultrasound. Cleft lip can be detected around the 13 th week, cleft palate is harder to determine using an ultrasound. Cleft lip & palate can also be determined with a sample of amniotic fluid from the mothers uterus which will indicate that the fetus has inherited a genetic syndrome that may cause other birth defects.

7. Diagnosis Ultrasound

8. Treatments Cleft lip usually requires one or two surgeries, depending on the severity of the disorder. Surgery usually is not applied until the baby is about 3 months Cleft palate requires numerous surgeries over the course of 18 years of life; the first surgery usually between 6 to 12 months. This creates a functional palate to reduce the chances that fluid will develop in the middle of the ears and allows the proper development of teeth and facial bones. Children with cleft palate will need a bone graft at around 8 years to fill in the upper gum line and stabilize the upper jaw. Eventually braces and speech therapy will be needed No, cleft lip and/or palate is not life-ending if all things go as planned in surgery.

9. Surgery of Cleft Lip Before(left) and After(right)

10. Works Cited http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/CleftLip.html http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/guide/cleft-lip-cleft-palate?page=4#1 http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Gj4Fj0gV7ck/TDJH5YgH_fI/AAAAAAAAABU/tXiP_K Sqv_g/s1600/cleftlipandpalate11.jpg http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cleft-palate/basics/tests- diagnosis/CON-20024619 http://www.chw.org/medical-care/fetal-concerns-center/conditions/infant- complications/cleft-lip-or-palate/ http://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/CleftLip/ http://www.cleftline.org/docs/Booklets/GEN-01.pdf http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/otolaryngology/specialty_areas/facial_plas tic_reconstructive_surgery/reconstructive_procedures/cleft_lip_palate_repair.html http://www.glowm.com/ultrasoundAtlas