1. ECLAC - 2002 HANDBOOK FOR ESTIMATING THE IMPACT OF DISASTERS1 Estimating damage to soil.. When damages are associated to pollution, inundation or drought There are no direct damages since the natural resource base recovers naturally over a period relatively short Indirect damages are estimated by the temporary reduction in production (agricutlural sector, tourism, commerce, etc.)

2. ECLAC - 2002 HANDBOOK FOR ESTIMATING THE IMPACT OF DISASTERS2 Reduction in water resources

3. ECLAC - 2002 HANDBOOK FOR ESTIMATING THE IMPACT OF DISASTERS3 Damages to water Damages caused by Direct damages Indirect damages PollutionIncreased costs and reduced income of existing treatment plants Damage or destruction in works Rehabilitation value or reconstruction of existing works Increased costs and reduced incomes from providing services

4. ECLAC - 2002 HANDBOOK FOR ESTIMATING THE IMPACT OF DISASTERS4 Estimating damages to water When water damage is associated with pollution Indirect effects are estimated through the increase in costs and income decreases of the existing treatment plants, and The cost of introducing new treatment plants (annual expenditures in projects) The cost of introducing new treatment plants (annual expenditures in projects) When damages occur in water works: The direct cost is associated to the rehabilitation and reconstruction of existing systems, and The direct cost is associated to the rehabilitation and reconstruction of existing systems, and The indirect effects come from expenditure increases and diminished operational income of the enterprise that provides the service The indirect effects come from expenditure increases and diminished operational income of the enterprise that provides the service

5. ECLAC - 2002 HANDBOOK FOR ESTIMATING THE IMPACT OF DISASTERS5 Damage to air

6. ECLAC - 2002 HANDBOOK FOR ESTIMATING THE IMPACT OF DISASTERS6 Reduction in greenhouse gases Source: USAID In Central America 360,000 hectares of vegetation are lost yearly

7. ECLAC - 2002 HANDBOOK FOR ESTIMATING THE IMPACT OF DISASTERS7 Forest and bush fires: further reduction in vegetation cover Source: USGS y NOAA Pacific Ocean Fires in the region in 1998 (associated with El Niño) Caribbean

8. ECLAC - 2002 HANDBOOK FOR ESTIMATING THE IMPACT OF DISASTERS8 Damage to air / atmosphere Damage caused by: DirectIndirect PollutionCost of air cleanup Increase in human health costs

9. ECLAC - 2002 HANDBOOK FOR ESTIMATING THE IMPACT OF DISASTERS9 Estimating damage to air Indirect damage is estimated through health attention needs and productivity reduction of those affected, at present value during the period of restoring air quality (cleanup) Indirect damage is estimated through health attention needs and productivity reduction of those affected, at present value during the period of restoring air quality (cleanup) The cost of new projects to restore quality and clean the air are accounted as a macroeconomic cost; that is the annual investment in project execution The cost of new projects to restore quality and clean the air are accounted as a macroeconomic cost; that is the annual investment in project execution

10. ECLAC - 2002 HANDBOOK FOR ESTIMATING THE IMPACT OF DISASTERS10 Damage to biodiversity, effects on the flora y fauna

11. ECLAC - 2002 HANDBOOK FOR ESTIMATING THE IMPACT OF DISASTERS11 Damage to biodiversity and natural capital Diminished or loss in reduction of gases (CO 2 sequestering) Commercial value of forest or loss in timber Biodiversity reduction Fires, Drought, pollution IndirectDirectDamage caused by: