1. THE ART OF BEING HUMAN 9 TH EDITION Chapter 16: Freedom Pearson Longman © 2009 “This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.”

2. DETERMINISM: PEOPLE ARE LIMITED IN THEIR CHOICES Determinism - the philosophical belief that everything has a prior cause and consequently absolute free will cannot exist. There are too many factors governing our choices. Pearson Longman © 2009

3. DETERMINISM: PEOPLE ARE LIMITED IN THEIR CHOICES Past and Present Limitations of Free Action  Restrictions by those in power  Chinese Dreams  Reading Lolita in Tehran Institutional Determinism  Rousseau - the will is governed by restrictive forces of law, education, and religion because of the natural depravity of a few people. Pearson Longman © 2009

4. DETERMINISM: PEOPLE ARE LIMITED IN THEIR CHOICES Economic Determinism  Marx - the quest for money controls behavior.  Two classes  bourgeoisie - middle class that controls production  proletariat - workers who will rise up against the bourgeoisie, leading to a classless society. Pearson Longman © 2009

5. DETERMINISM: PEOPLE ARE LIMITED IN THEIR CHOICES Economic Determinism  Hegel – a method of analyzes opposing views and combining them into synthesis. Character Consistency  We expect consistency and predictability in people. Pearson Longman © 2009

6. DETERMINISM: PEOPLE ARE LIMITED IN THEIR CHOICES Behaviorism  a philosophy and school of psychology that people are what they do and what they do is determined by systems of rewards and punishments.  B.F. Skinner Pearson Longman © 2009

7. DETERMINISM: PEOPLE ARE LIMITED IN THEIR CHOICES Genetics  a type of determinism that suggests our genes determine the people we become. Sociobiology  a social science that suggests human behavior can be understood in terms of genetic investment, the need to propagate and preserve one’s genes. Pearson Longman © 2009

8. POSSIBILITIES FOR FREEDOM A Pessimist’s Definition of the Will  Schopenhauer – sometimes people are forced to act; and because they have free will, the results are not always positive. Regret and Relief  William James and Interdeterminism  philosophy that whatever happens does so randomly, without clear prior cause, and therefore we have free will to make choices. Pearson Longman © 2009

9. POSSIBILITIES FOR FREEDOM Psychoanalysis: Freedom through Conscious Ego  Psychoanalysis - a technique that examines a patient’s dreams and patterns of free association in an effort to diagnosis the causes of neurotic behavior and mental illness.  We can free our minds thus becoming free to act as we wish, instead of acting under the control of something repressed in our subconscious.  Freud Pearson Longman © 2009

10. EXISTENTIALISM Religious Existentialism  Kierkegaard & Buber  maintained that we are free to believe or not as we choose; but once having committed ourselves to a faith, we must abide by it or face the bleak possibility that life is without meaning. Pearson Longman © 2009

11. EXISTENTIALISM Secular Existentialism  Sartre, Camus, & de Beauvoir  No god exists  We are free to choose but we must accept the consequences for the actions. Pearson Longman © 2009

12. FREEDOM WITHIN LIMITATTIONS Non-Western Thought  Trungpa - The Myth of Freedom  True freedom is to surrender to reality and accept things as they are thus liberating from pain. Pearson Longman © 2009