1. The Biosphere: A Summary AP Biology Spring 2011

2. Lakes: are bodies of freshwater that contain several zones Littoral zone: near the shore, consists of shallow water and algae Limnetic zone: open water zone Profundal zone: in deep lakes, does not receive any sunlight

3. Lakes undergo succession Newer lakes are clear, low on nutrients and contain a small amount of plants As the lake matures, it undergoes eutrophication

4. Upper layer of many lakes freezes in the winter When the ice melts, spring overturn causes the water on the top to move downwards and visa versa In the fall overturn, the top of the lake moves down and the water towards the bottom moves up

6. Streams and rivers are freshwater areas that are in motion

7. Pollutants can enter our drinking supply Wastewater treatment attempts to prevent the pollution of our water supply First step involves screens, filtering out sludge In secondary treatment, water is exposed to chlorine of ultraviolet light to kill bacteria Third step utilizes chemical filters to remove some excess minerals and heavy metals

8. Scientists have developed a solar-aquatic wastewater system Algae and other living organisms cleanse the water

9. Estuaries: where salt and fresh water mix Many immature forms of species exist here along with algae and phytoplankton Constant influx of freshwater keeps an estuary nutrient rich

10. Mangrove wetland: is characterized by plants with noticeable prop roots Man is infringing on this ecosystem by destroying trees and using area for shrimp farming

11. Coastlines: consists of an intertidal zone with three layers Upper littoral zone: only underwater during high tide Midlittoral zone: submerges during the regular tide and exposed at lowest tide of the day Lower littoral zone: only exposed at lowest tidal level

12. Coral reefs create a unique ecosystem in which many species reside Coral is formed of calcium carbonate which is coloured by dinoflagellates Usually located in warm waters between 25 degrees north and 25 degrees south Can be damaged by global warming, pollution, oil spills and capturing of exotic pet fish

13. The open ocean is referred to as the pelagic province Pelagic province includes a zone of much productivity known as the neritic zone

15. Benthic province is the bottom of the ocean containing rocks and sediments

16. Seamonts are underwater mountains that serve as a suitable habitat for many invertebrates Fisherman sometimes use disruptive trawling techniques to drag nets along the bottom and capture fish

17. Hydrothermal vents release warm water that is rich in minerals from the ocean bottom Scientists theorize that life may have started in this type of environment

18. Upwelling occurs in deep oceans and it provides an effective means of distributing nutrients This occurs due to winds and earth’s rotation Water along the western coasts of the Northern Hemisphere move westward where cold, deep water moves in vertically to replace it

19. Every three to seven years, events occur that change the direction of the wind called El Nino This can greatly change weather patterns over land

20. El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO): changes in sea surface temperature and in air circulation patterns in the western Equatorial Pacific Ocean Results in global repercussions on weather

22. In 1997-1998 season resulted in an El Nino episode and an increase is cases of cholera in Peru – Scientists were uncertain where the bacteria Vibrio cholera was between outbreaks – Was discovered that crustaceans called copepods house the bacteria – Numbers of these copepods varies with varying water temperatures – Cholera outbreaks may be prevented by filtering the water through cloth to prevent copecods from remaining in the water