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Management of Raised ICP Jon-Paul Chamoun
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Case study Little Jimmy 24 year old male presents to ED post footy tackle with severe headstrike associated wth loss of consciousness 1 minute. -GCS 14 at the scene -Sore head -On examination HR 85 reg. BP 130/80 RR 22 36.8 CVS, Abdo, Resp NAD Neuro: PEARL UL + LL Normal Tone Power Reflexes Sensation and Coordination
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Tea Break! Beep Beep ‘Hi Dr, please review little Jimmy. Drowsy ++’ Crap, I missed the SSSM Neurosurg topics!
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Little Jimmy.. Now HR 40 BP 180/90 RR 8 36.8 Drowsy+++ Eyes crossed Pupils dilated…
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PANIC = Neurons not firing
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RIP Little Jimmy A bad referral leads to…
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The drainage
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Physiology Inside the rigid Vault (~ 1500mls) -Brain (80%) -Blood (10%) -CSF (10%)
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Intracranial Pressure Normal : <15mmHg (adults) Lower in children than adults Transiently increases with sneezing, coughing and valsalva manouvres
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The overall volume of the cranial vault cannot change therefore an increase in the proportion of one component, or the presence of a pathologic component will result in displacement of structures, an increase in ICP or both. ….Who’s Doctrine is this??
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The Monroe-Kellie Doctrine
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Causes Too much Brain -Tumour, Haematoma, Oedema Too much CSF -Choroid plexus papilloma, Arachnoid granulation adhesions, Obstructive hydrocephalus Too much Blood - Obstruction of venous outflow (venous sinus thrombosis, jugular vein compression, neck surgery)
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Consequences of Raised ICP 1. Cerebral blood flow -CBF = (CAP – JVP) / CVR -CPP = MAP - ICP 2. Brainstem compression 3. Both
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What was happening to Jimmy? HeadacheVomiting Depressed Consciousness Fixed and dilated pupils A triad of Bradycardia, Hypertension and respiratory depression….Also known as who’s triad?
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Cushing’s Triad
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Papilloedema
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Little Timmy (Jimmy’s Brother) 20 year old male presents to ED post footy tackle with severe headstrike associated wth loss of consciousness 1 minute.
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The next intern attended SSSM talks… D anger D anger R esponse (GCS) R esponse (GCS) S end for help (!!!!!!!) S end for help (!!!!!!!) A irway A irway B reathing B reathing C irculation C irculation D ont(EverForgetGlucose) D ont(EverForgetGlucose) IWho am I SWhats happened BWhat’s happening AWhat I think RWhat I need
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Eyes 4: Spontaneous eye opening 3: Eye opening in response to speech 2: Eye opening in response to pain 1: No eye opening Voice 5: Oriented 4: Confused conversation 3: Inappropriate speech 2: Incomprehensible speech 1: None Motor 6: Obeying commands 5: Localising response to pain 4: Withdraws to pain 3: Flexor response to pain 2: Extensor posturing to pain 1: No response to pain Glascow Coma Scale
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How do we know there’s raised raised ICP? ICU! Monitoring of ICP is integral to treatment Monitor ICP and BP to determine CPP Many Types of monitors
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Indications for ICP monitoring 1.History 2.Clinical findings 3.Imaging
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CT
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Treatment FIX THE CAUSE! REMOVE THE BLOOD CLOT RESECT THE TUMOUR SHUNT THE CSF TREAT THE METABOLIC DISORDER
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Generally.. Apropriate resuscitation (ABC) A – GCS <8, intubate (carefully) B – Give O2 C – Ensure good end organ perfusion....and treat the raised ICP!
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Specifically.. Sedation Elevate the head Hyperventilation Mannitol Removal of CSF Decompressive craniectomy
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Sedation -Reduce metabolic demand -Reduce venous congestion -Reduce sympathetic response of hypertension and tachycardia
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Position Elevate head to maximise venous outflow (as long as cerebral perfusion pressure remains appropriate) Minimise stimuli that can induce Valsalva responses (eg endotracheal suctioning)
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Mannitol Reduces brain volume by drawing free water our of the tissue and into the circulation Quick acting and Effects short lived Problems – Can lower BP and therefore CPP
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Mechanical Hyperventilation Lowering PaCO2 to 26 to 30 mmHg has been shown to rapidly reduce ICP through vasoconstriction and a decrease in the volume of intracranial blood. Effects short lived. Used as an urgent intervention, not on a chronic basis. May cause critical decrease in local cerebral perfusion (minimise use in TBI or actue stroke)
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Removal of CSF Ventriculostomy to remove CSF http://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=NEURO%2F56391&topicKey=NEURO%2F1659&rank=1%7E150&source=see_link&search=i cp&utdPopup=true
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Decompressive craniectomy Circumvents Monroe-Kellie doctrine Lowers ICP by 70% Improves brain tissue oxygenation
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Summary Management requires -Recognition -Monitoring -Therapy aimed at reducing ICP and treating the underlying cause
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Neurosurgical Pop Quiz ‘Wacky, Wet and Wobbly’ is a good way to remember the symptoms of A. Someone with a weak bladder who’s had too many beers B. An overweight delirious patient coming out of a pool C. Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
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Neurosurgical Pop Quiz Which surgeon is known as ‘the father’ of modern neurosurgery?
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Harvey Cushing
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Questions?
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