1. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Chapter 6 Fire Dynamics Jason B. Loyd James D. (J.D.) Richardson

2. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Objectives Describe the components of an atom. Explain how an atom becomes reactive. Describe the process of combustion at the molecular level. Describe the three forms of matter.

3. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Objectives Explain how the process of combustion affects the different forms of matter. Identify and describe the different types of heat-producing energy. Describe the four stages of fire evolution. Identify the four classifications of fires and the principles involved in their extinguishment.

4. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Atoms and Molecules An atom is the smallest unit of a chemical element –Core of atom is nucleus Comprised of protons and neutrons Protons = positive electrical charge Neutrons = no electrical charge Orbiting the nucleus are (negatively charged) electrons usually equal to the number of protons

5. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Atoms and Molecules The number of electrons in the outermost orbit determines if the element will react chemically with other elements The inner orbit holds at most 2 electrons (except hydrogen which has only one)

6. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Atoms and Molecules The second orbit can hold a maximum of 8 electrons The third orbit can hold a maximum of 18 electrons Oxygen atom has a total of 8 electrons, 2 on the inner orbit and the other 6 on the outer orbit

7. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Atoms and Molecules Because the outer orbit does not contain 18 electrons, oxygen will bond chemically with other elements in a process called oxidation Molecules are formed by joining two or more atoms with shared electrons that form a chemical bond

8. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Atoms and Molecules Oxygen (O 2 ) has two oxygen atoms Water (H 2 O) has two hydrogen and one oxygen atom Molecules are in constant motion The amount of motion determines the physical state

9. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson

10. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Matter, Energy, and the Combustion Process Matter exists in three states: Solids Liquids Gases

11. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Matter, Energy, and the Combustion Process Solid Matter –Molecules are so close they cannot change places –Free movement is not possible, molecules only vibrate in place –Form and shape maintained until a reactive force breaks the molecular bond

12. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Matter, Energy, and the Combustion Process Solid Matter (cont.) –Oxidation process is an exothermic reaction –When the heat is released during this process, it oxidizes more free molecules (chain reaction of self-sustained combustion)

13. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Matter, Energy, and the Combustion Process Solid Matter (cont.) –Wood is composed of cellulose –As the surface temperature increases to 212 o F, the moisture in the wood boils and converts to steam –When surface temperature reaches 482 o F, the wood begins pyrolysis

14. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Matter, Energy, and the Combustion Process Liquid Matter –Matter is in a liquid state, its molecules are in proximity to one another, and they are free to move in all directions –Liquid assumes the shape of the container in which it is confined –The speed of the molecules is directly related to the temperature of the liquid

15. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Matter, Energy, and the Combustion Process Liquid Matter (cont.) –Vapor pressure of a liquid in a closed container is when equilibrium is reached –As temperature increases, the molecular movement will increase, and the vapor pressure will increase proportionally –When the vapor pressure of the liquid equals atmospheric pressure, the liquid will boil

16. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Matter, Energy, and the Combustion Process Liquid Matter (cont.) –Does not burn –It is the gases the liquid generates when heated that create the flammable atmosphere –Gasoline has a vapor pressure range of 7 to 14.5 psi and can generate flammable vapors at - 40 o F, which is its flash point

17. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Matter, Energy, and the Combustion Process Liquid Matter (cont.) –Atmospheric pressure at sea level is 14.7 psi –If the vapor pressure of a liquid is above 14.7 psi, it can only exist as a liquid when confined in a vessel or when the temperature is lowered

18. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Matter, Energy, and the Combustion Process Liquid Matter (cont.) –Propane has a vapor pressure of 24.5 psi at 0 o F –It is packaged in a pressurized container in a liquid state –When the valve is opened, the pressure in the container is lowered, and the liquid begins to boil and vaporize and leaves as a gas

19. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Matter, Energy, and the Combustion Process Liquid Matter (cont.) –For propane to be a liquid at normal atmospheric pressure, the temperature would need to be -20 o F –At that temperature the vapor pressure would be 11.5 psi

20. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Matter, Energy, and the Combustion Process Gaseous Matter –In this state molecules move at high speeds –Substance in this state occupies more space than if a solid or liquid –Vapor density is determined by the substance molecular weight compared to normal air

21. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Matter, Energy, and the Combustion Process Gaseous Matter (cont.) Vapor Density = Molecular weight of gas or vapor 29 (molecular weight of air) Vapor Density Propane = 44.096 = 2.004 29

22. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Matter, Energy, and the Combustion Process Gaseous Matter (cont.) –This behavior cannot be predicted when the same substance is a liquid instead of a gas –In liquid state its specific gravity (density of the substance compared to water) is different from gas state

23. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Matter, Energy, and the Combustion Process Gaseous Matter (cont.) –Example: Gasoline in liquid state has specific gravity of 0.72 to 0.76; it will float on top of water Water has specific gravity of 1 Vapor density of gasoline is 3.5 Liquid gasoline is lighter than water but in vapor form is heavier than air

24. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Matter, Energy, and the Combustion Process Gaseous Matter (cont.) –Energy Defined: “capacity or ability to work” Exists as either potential or kinetic Exists in many forms including: –Heat –Light –Electrical –Mechanical –Nuclear –Chemical

25. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Matter, Energy, and the Combustion Process Gaseous Matter (cont.) – Most common sources of fire encountered by firefighters: Electrical Mechanical Chemical

26. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Heat Energy Fahrenheit, Rankin Scales, and British Thermal Units (BTUs) –Temperature is measured using Fahrenheit and Rankin scales –Heat units measured in British thermal units (BTUs)

27. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Heat Energy Fahrenheit, Rankin Scales, and British Thermal Units (BTUs) (cont.) –Fahrenheit scale: a degree is 1/180 th differential between the melting point of ice and boiling point of water –Water freezes at 32 o F and boils at 212 o F

28. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Heat Energy Fahrenheit, Rankin Scales, and British Thermal Units (BTUs) (cont.) –Rankin scale same as Fahrenheit but measured from absolute zero –Absolute zero defined as temperature at which all molecular movement ceases –Absolute temperature measured from absolute zero [ -59.6 o F or 0 o R ]

29. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Heat Energy Fahrenheit, Rankin Scales, and British Thermal Units (BTUs) (cont.) –British thermal unit is the amount of heat needed to raise one pound of water by 1 o F

30. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Heat Energy Specific Heat and Latent Heat –Specific heat is the amount of heat a substance will absorb as its temperature increases –Latent heat is the amount of heat absorbed by a substance when it changes physical states without a change in temperature

31. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Heat Energy Specific Heat and Latent Heat (cont.) –Latent heat of fusion (melting) 143.4 BTUs of latent heat needed to convert one pound of 32°F ice to 32°F water –Latent heat of vaporization (boiling) 970.3 BTUs of latent heat needed to convert 212°F water to 212°F steam

32. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Heat Energy Conduction, Convection, and Radiation –Conduction The ability of heat to move through matter Heat conductivity of matter directly related to its density The ability of matter to dissipate heat is directly related to its density

33. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Heat Energy Conduction, Convection, and Radiation –Convection Heat transfer by convection usually occurs in gases or liquids

34. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Heat Energy Conduction, Convection, and Radiation –Radiation Heat transfer does not require direct contact with heat source or with convective heat currents Radiant energy transmitted as an electromagnetic wave in form of infrared rays

35. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Chemical Energy Heat of Combustion or Caloric Value –The amount of heat energy a substance releases during the combustion process –Calculation of heat of combustion is based on a stoichiometric (complete combustion) reaction

36. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Chemical Energy Heat of Combustion or Caloric Value (cont.) –Fire Load Computation Fire load –Caloric value measured in joules/gram

37. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Chemical Energy Heat of Combustion or Caloric Value (cont.) –Fire Load Computation Fire load (cont.) –Rule-of-thumb estimate to measure caloric value If substance is cotton, wood, paper, or plant matter = 8,000 BTUs/pound If substance is plastic or hydrocarbon = 16,000 BTUs/pound

38. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Chemical Energy Heat of Combustion or Caloric Value (cont.) –Rate of Heat Release Speed at which heat energy is released from the substance –One pound block of wood vs. one pound of wood chips: Which one will burn slower?

39. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Chemical Energy Spontaneous Heating –Occurs when a substance increases in temperature without any assistance of an outside ignition source –When the heat energy is generated faster than it can be dissipated, spontaneous ignition will occur

40. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Chemical Energy Spontaneous Heating (cont.) –Spontaneous ignition When heat energy is generated faster than it can be dissipated –The generation of heat through oxidation must be high enough to raise the temperature to the substance’s ignition temperature

41. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Chemical Energy Spontaneous Heating (cont.) –There must be proper ventilation to provide an adequate air supply to support combustion –The substance around the fuel must provide insulating properties that prohibit heat dissipation

42. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Chemical Energy Heat of Decomposition –Generated during the breakdown of unstable compounds that were formed by endothermic reactions Example: An early movie film made from cellulose nitrate

43. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Chemical Energy Heat of Solution –Heat released when a substance is dissolved in a liquid –Reaction can be endothermic or exothermic Endothermic: absorbs heat and becomes cool Exothermic: temperature increases and releases heat –This type of reaction is usually insufficient to cause ignition

44. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Chemical Energy Heat of Reaction –Heat released when a substance comes in contact with a liquid or with air –This type of reaction is capable of causing ignition –Water reactive substances are classified as hydrophoric materials –Pyrophoric materials are substances that spontaneously react when exposed to air

45. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Electrical Energy Definitions –The passing of electrons from one atom to another –All atoms want to be balanced –Positively charged atoms have a strong attraction for negatively charged atoms and vice versa

46. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Electrical Energy Definitions –This attraction is called the charge –When electrons move through matter the movement is called current –The matter is called the conductor

47. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Electrical Energy Six Forms of Electrical Heat Energy –Resistance –Arcing –Sparking –Static –Lightning –Induction

48. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Electrical Energy Six Forms of Electrical Heat Energy (cont.) –Resistance The opposition a substance offers to the passage of an electrical current Insulators –Rubber, glass, and dry air have high resistance qualities

49. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Electrical Energy Six Forms of Electrical Heat Energy (cont.) –Resistance (cont.) Copper, silver, aluminum and steel are excellent conductors Amount of resistance in a conductor depends on its thickness and length in relation to the current Resistance heating used for cooking and heating homes An example is incandescent light bulb

50. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Electrical Energy Six Forms of Electrical Heat Energy (cont.) –Arcing Is caused when an electrical current is interrupted –Intentional occurrence –Accidental occurrence

51. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Electrical Energy Six Forms of Electrical Heat Energy (cont.) –Sparking Is different from arcing Short-term, one-time event High-voltage discharge with low energy output Normally not capable of causing ignition Dangerous in flammable atmospheres

52. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Electrical Energy Six Forms of Electrical Heat Energy (cont.) –Static Static electrical heating Spark is short-term, not usually hot enough to ignite ordinary combustible material Has been known to ignite flammable vapors, gases, certain explosives, and dust clouds Lightning is a form of static electricity

53. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Electrical Energy Six Forms of Electrical Heat Energy (cont.) –Lightning Form of static electricity Result of action between water and ice crystals in clouds, causing imbalance of electrical charge in the clouds Electrons jump to ground as large static spark - lightning

54. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Electrical Energy Six Forms of Electrical Heat Energy (cont.) –Induction If a conductor is subjected to an alternating magnetic field, a flow of current is produced As the frequency of alternating magnetic field increases, the flow of current increases and produces resistance heating Principle behind microwave ovens

55. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Mechanical Energy Friction –Friction heat is “the mechanical energy used in overcoming the resistance to motion when two solids are rubbed together” –Two metal objects can generate sparks ranging in temperature from 2,500 to 5,400 o F

56. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Mechanical Energy Compression –Occurs when a gas is compressed suddenly –Example: Diesel engine

57. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Mechanical Energy The Combustion Process –Type I combustion –Type II combustion –4 elements needed: Fuel Heat Oxygen Self-sustained chemical chain reaction

58. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Mechanical Energy The Burning Process –Predictable sequence of four stages: Ignition stage Growth stage Fully developed stage –Flashover (rapid fire progress) –Backdraft event Decay stage

59. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Fire Classification Class A: Ordinary Combustibles –Considered “ordinary combustibles,” they include: Wood Paper Plastic Organic solids –Primary means of extinguishment is water

60. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Fire Classification Class B: Flammable Liquids –Involves flammables like: Oils Gasoline Kerosene –Primary means of extinguishment is smothering Foam Dry chemical agents

61. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Fire Classification Class C: Energized Electrical Fires –Started by electricity –Electrical current is the original heat source –If fire continues to burn, it is reclassified as Class A or B –Primary means of extinguishment of Class C is removing the electrical supply

62. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Fire Classification Class D: Flammable Metals –Started by chemical reactions –Primary means of extinguishment is to disrupt the chemical chain reaction –No single extinguishing agent Water, only if a large amount is available

63. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Fire Classification Class K: High-Temperature Cooking Oils –Started by cooking appliances that use vegetable oils or animal fats –Primary means of extinguishment is with Class K extinguishers that use a wet chemical agent that is a mixture of potassium acetate and potassium citrate

64. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Fire Classification Class K: High-Temperature Cooking Oils (cont.) –This forms a layer of soap or foam over the top of the fuel –It also cools the cooking appliance

65. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Summary A knowledge of the chemistry and physics of fire is vital Heat is transferred by three methods: –Conduction, Convection, Radiation Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form

66. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Summary Firefighters commonly encounter chemical energy in the form of an oxidation reaction There are six forms of electrical energy: –Resistance, arcing, sparking, static, lightning, and induction

67. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Summary There are two types of mechanical energy: –Friction and compression There are two types of combustion There are four stages of fire: –Ignition, Growth, Fully Developed, Decay

68. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Summary There are five fire classifications depending on the type of fuel –Class A –Class B –Class C –Class D –Class K

69. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Fundamentals of Fire and Emergency Services Jason B. Loyd and James D. Richardson Questions ?